The Meaning of ADR - AE - and SAEs

Question: Clarify The Meaning of ADR, AE, and SAEs. Answer: Clinical wellbeing data is one of the significant variables, through which the administration take legitimate activities to limit the impact on the treatment. Vital data must be assembled for improving or presenting great and successful clinical practice principles. Specialists guarantee to accumulate the necessary data through which the occasional security measures are refreshed all the time. The rules required for improving the guidelines and practices alongside the time spans must be examined and presented. Clinical wellbeing data is fundamental, as it encourages the specialists to present the correct strides through which the progressions can be presented. The clinical items that are a work in progress must be checked at the prior stage. This must be done before actualizing the promoting systems. Therapeutic items experiences through various advancement process and similar should be assessed. For this, security information should be gathered and broke down by the specialists. In this procedure, the guidelines and guidelines forced by various nations must be followed. The standards vary and rely on the complex or the idea of prescriptions (Adverse Event Reporting, 2005). A portion of the issues that are related with the procedure of clinical advancement incorporate - 1. Presenting standard definitions or wording for creating or harmonization of the prescriptions. 2. Presenting a viable and dependable clinical wellbeing revealing framework. It likewise incorporates presenting system that would help in exploring and directing the examination work (Ceh, 2009) The terms and definitions utilized for clinical terms are very significant and similar should be comprehended in the correct way. Through this procedure, the positive and negative perspectives related with the item improvement can be dissected. Pharmacovigilance harmonization is related with breaking down the circumstances that includes in the clinical examination. The alteration paying little heed to the nature must be thought of. This is required for pleasing the advancement condition and pre-endorsement of the restorative improvement process (Careb Ae Guidance, 2010). Security information for clinical objects are gathered for the underneath referenced elements 1. Controlling the antagonistic occasions, which is identified with the clinical turn of events 2. Breaking down the genuine antagonistic occasions related with the restorative formative procedure. 3. Gathering and breaking down information for lab and task information that is required for leading the examination for the clinical advancement purposes (EMEA, 2002). Sources embraced for examining the subtleties PR the data that is gathered by the specialists for directing the clinical examination must be unconstrained. This would likewise incorporate actualizing rules for the lawful gatekeeper that is identified with the part associated with the investigation or the examination work. With the assistance of the non-mandate or potentially open addressing technique, it is conceivable to assemble and investigate the fundamental data that is related with the examination for the clinical turn of events. The pretended by the investigational group like the physical analysts, distinctive sort of tests, and others are likewise remembered for the procedure. In the AE procedure, gathering the dairy cards and examining the electronic plans must be assessed (Kabanywanyi et al., 2010). Wellbeing information and its significance In the clinical wellbeing issues the variables related with the medication improvement should be assessed completely. Through this procedure, suitable activity plan can be arranged and executed by the specialists. The wellbeing of the patients and the volunteers must be investigated. For this, the on-going components must be done subsequent to investigating the beneath referenced variables Screen the sign age process Survey the gathered elements Dissect the hazard benefits, which is done through proportion for the medication that is utilized by the medication producing the medications. Present guidelines or administrative arrangements for improving the nature of administrations or assembling of the products (Zongo et al., 2007). Unfavorable occasions The event of the clinical vulnerability can influence the clinical examination process. Subsequently, the restorative measures for improving the pharmaceutical item fabricating must be presented. For this situation, the event of the negative frequency has been broke down. This would help in improving the nature of administrations that is expected to be given to the individuals. Through this procedure the indications and sickness nature can be dissected. This would help in rendering the best administrations to the individuals. SAE or seriousness of the antagonistic occasions It is fundamental to recognize the signs or side effects that can influence the strength of the individuals. If there should be an occurrence of moderate factors the distress factors that can meddle with the typical action has it be recognized. Seriousness of the clinical issue is identified with debilitating the failure of the person to play out the undertakings, which likewise incorporates common exercises (EMEA, 2002). References Unfriendly Event Reporting, 2005. Standard Operating Procedure Number: 3-2. Page 1-6. Seen on sixth March, 2015. Recovered from https://ahc-sharepoint.uc.edu/hrp_policies/Clinical%20Site%20SOP%20Templates/3%20-%20Unanticipated%20Problems/SOP%203-2%20Adverse%20Event%20Reporting%20final.pdfCeh E, 2009. Diary of Clinical Research Best Practices. Vol. 5, No.3. Seen on sixth March, 2015. Recovered from https://firstclinical.com/diary/2009/0903_Adverse_Prep.pdfCareb Ae Guidance, 2010. Canadian Association of Research Ethics Boards Guidance on Reporting of Unanticipated Problems including Adverse Events to Research Ethics Boards in Canada. Seen on sixth March, 2015. Recovered from https://www.careb-accer.org/destinations/default/records/transfers/en/Recently%20Filed%20Comments/CAREB%20Guidance%20-%20AE%20Reporting%20-%20July%202010.pdfEMEA, 2002. European Medicines Agency. Seen on sixth March, 2015. Recovered from https://ethikkommission.meduniwien.ac.at/fileadmin/ethik/media/dokumente/rech tsgrundlagen/GCP.pdfKabanywanyi A, Mulure N, Migoha C, Malila A, Lengeler C, Schlienger R, and Genton B, 2010. Experience of security checking with regards to an imminent observational investigation of artemetherlumefantrine in country Tanzania: exercises learned for pharmacovigilance announcing. Seen on sixth March, 2015. Recovered from https://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-205.pdfZongo I, Dorsey G, Rouamba N, Tinto H, Dokomajilar C, Guiguemde RT, Rosenthal PJ, and Ouedraogo JB, 2007. Artemether-lumefantrine versus amodiaquine in addition to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for straightforward falciparum jungle fever in Burkina Faso: a randomized non-inadequacy preliminary. Lancet 2007, 369:491-498

Extra Credit Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Additional Credit Assignment - Essay Example Individuals in Orlando started to accept the media reports arbitrarily, albeit a large portion of them were not so much dependent on established truths, this article endeavors to inspect the foundation and impacts of Casey Anthony preliminary comparable to Orlando. The vanishing and passing of a young lady youngster Caylee Anthony got high media consideration and activated extensive legitimate discussion in USA. A while later, the preliminary of Casey Anthony (mother of Caylee) pulled in critical inclusion in social, national, and worldwide media. On eighteenth July, 2008, Cindy Anthony (grandma of Caylee) detailed that her granddaughter had disappeared. Very nearly five months after the fact, Caylee’s skeleton was found in a wilderness region in nearness to the family home. Therefore, Casey Anthony was charged of having killed her girl and a thorough preliminary started. The indictment charged Casey of first degree murder and looked for capital punishment for her (Fuhrman, 3). Be that as it may, the jury didn't see Casey as liable for kid misuse and murder. However, it was held that she had given deluding data to the police in association with the case. Thus, she was given a decision of four years in jail and a complete fine of $4000 wa s charged. At last, she was discharged on seventeenth July, 2011 because of good conduct and the credit for the time previously served. The instance of Casey effectsly affected the worldwide and national media and general assessment. Along these lines, in Orlando region as well, the preliminary had an impact that could be profoundly felt. Could a mother murder her more than two years of age youngster? How might one homicide a kid in such a savage way? How is the general public everywhere answerable for what was the deal? The inquiries that lingered noticeable all around were uncomfortable to reply. Citing from Fuhrman (2), the improvements can be clarified in the accompanying manner: â€Å"This is the tale of how the media make exchange real factors that serve their journey for appraisals, while the criminal examination that may explain the case is everything except wrecked. The

Why Book Lovers and Word Lovers Should Love the Tony Awards

Why Book Lovers and Word Lovers Should Love the Tony Awards Tonight, for the 66th consecutive year, the American Theatre Wing will hand out its Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre. Some of you may already be planning to watch the Tonys, if only to see host NPH (who you just totally love from HIMYM!), but anyone who loves the written or spoken word also should have reason to care. At the Academy Awards, a writer has the chance to win a prize for his or her screenplay but can’t claim the same accolades that will go to, say, the nice lady who wins for Best Supporting Actress (who didn’t write a single bit of her own dialogue). However, at the Tonys, there is no prize for Best Playwright, only Best Play; the writer (along with the producers) is rewarded for the total piece of art he or she created, a recognition that the most vital element to any play is its script, its words. It’s a natural extension of how words are respected in the theatre. Whereas it’s the rare screenwriter that ever gets to see his work made into the same movie he envisioned, the very first right listed on the Dramatists Guild Bill of Rights reads: “No one (e.g., directors, actors, dramaturgs) can make changes, alterations, and/or omissions to your scriptâ€"including the text, title, and stage directionsâ€"without your consent.” It’s for this reason and others that I have always seen plays as literature that happens to come to life. A few years ago, for a book project (it’s called In Their Company: Portraits of American Playwrights, and, why yes, you can purchase it hereâ€"thanks for asking!), I had the unbelievable opportunity to interview dozens of the most gifted and prolific stage writers about why they do what they do. And their answers really got to the heart, I believe, of why so many of us love to read and write, as well. People who write plays for a living are a uniquely driven lot. Like so many other writers and artists, they describe their pursuit as less a choice and more a compulsion. However, in conversations, I was struck by how certain words came up time and again: connection, identification, inspiration, awareness, understanding, perspective, purpose, mission. Although the works they produce range from light comedy to stark tragedy to, literally, the absurd, I learned that one drive which unites them all is a search for truth â€" one truth, many truths, the truth â€" and a desire to spread it around. “We playwrights are all basically messianic,” says three-time Pulitzer Prize winner Edward Albee. “We feel that we know truths that we damn well better share with other people. I say this basically as a joke, but I’m convinced that we wouldn’t write unless we felt the need to set people straight about certain things. Who writes about stuff that’s been settled, unless you’re just writing escapist shit? So I think we probably are trying to communicate our sense of how life really is lived as opposed to how it should be lived.” For writers on such a mission, playwriting is the natural outlet for a number of reasons: the medium allows the writer an opportunity to bring characters to life, literally, and to do so in front of other people, who will react immediately to what they see and hear. The substance of the form is language as it is spoken, or for that matter, unspoken. In that sense, at least according to those playwrights who have also written novels, short stories, essays, and even poetry, plays can often emerge more directly from the writer’s unconscious. Almost without exception, the playwrights I spoke to listed this among the reasons why they write: to find out what they have to say. “Writing a play is not a conscious choice, as if I have something to say and the people need to know that prison is bad and motherhood is serious business,” says Suzan-Lori Parks. “It’s not like that at all. It’s more like having a cold, having the flu, and writing the play is the only thing that’s going to get the flu out of your system. So you don’t really have a choice. You’re either going to live clogged up and stuffed up and stiff in relative discomfort like this, or you’re going to write it and feel a lot better. So that’s the choice.” It is also a celebration of words as they are spoken. Live theater gives playwrights the opportunity, unique among writers, to literally put words in people’s mouths. The late August Wilson pointed to his pivotal 1979 play Jitney as the first work in which he “took advantage of black speech.” He admitted he hadn’t respected the way in which African-Americans talk, believing that “in order to make art out of it, you had to change it.” But the revelation came when he noticed a simple quote he read in a pamphlet by the African nationalist Ahmed Sékou Touré: Language describes the idea of the one who speaks it. “I found that idea liberating and realized that there is nothing wrong with the way that black people talked,” Wilson told me. “Their language was simply describing the idea, and their way of speaking it was as valid as any other.” For Naomi Wallace, who grew up in Kentucky surrounded by people of varying backgrounds, the introduction, too, was through the special power of spoken words. “Even at a very young age what struck me was how inquisitive people were even in the most dire of circumstances â€" how philosophical, how inquiring they were of their own state in the world,” she says. “I started listening to language and learning from language, how people spoke and how they expressed their reality,” So, tonight, when Neil Patrick Harris goes into another comedy dance number about how disrespected Broadway has become compared to reality TV or the woes of CBS, the network that persists in broadcasting the Tonys despite the ratings, remember what’s really being celebrated: the continuing power of words to provoke, perplex, delight, and create some welcome drama in our everyday lives.

Why Book Lovers and Word Lovers Should Love the Tony Awards

Why Book Lovers and Word Lovers Should Love the Tony Awards Tonight, for the 66th consecutive year, the American Theatre Wing will hand out its Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre. Some of you may already be planning to watch the Tonys, if only to see host NPH (who you just totally love from HIMYM!), but anyone who loves the written or spoken word also should have reason to care. At the Academy Awards, a writer has the chance to win a prize for his or her screenplay but can’t claim the same accolades that will go to, say, the nice lady who wins for Best Supporting Actress (who didn’t write a single bit of her own dialogue). However, at the Tonys, there is no prize for Best Playwright, only Best Play; the writer (along with the producers) is rewarded for the total piece of art he or she created, a recognition that the most vital element to any play is its script, its words. It’s a natural extension of how words are respected in the theatre. Whereas it’s the rare screenwriter that ever gets to see his work made into the same movie he envisioned, the very first right listed on the Dramatists Guild Bill of Rights reads: “No one (e.g., directors, actors, dramaturgs) can make changes, alterations, and/or omissions to your scriptâ€"including the text, title, and stage directionsâ€"without your consent.” It’s for this reason and others that I have always seen plays as literature that happens to come to life. A few years ago, for a book project (it’s called In Their Company: Portraits of American Playwrights, and, why yes, you can purchase it hereâ€"thanks for asking!), I had the unbelievable opportunity to interview dozens of the most gifted and prolific stage writers about why they do what they do. And their answers really got to the heart, I believe, of why so many of us love to read and write, as well. People who write plays for a living are a uniquely driven lot. Like so many other writers and artists, they describe their pursuit as less a choice and more a compulsion. However, in conversations, I was struck by how certain words came up time and again: connection, identification, inspiration, awareness, understanding, perspective, purpose, mission. Although the works they produce range from light comedy to stark tragedy to, literally, the absurd, I learned that one drive which unites them all is a search for truth â€" one truth, many truths, the truth â€" and a desire to spread it around. “We playwrights are all basically messianic,” says three-time Pulitzer Prize winner Edward Albee. “We feel that we know truths that we damn well better share with other people. I say this basically as a joke, but I’m convinced that we wouldn’t write unless we felt the need to set people straight about certain things. Who writes about stuff that’s been settled, unless you’re just writing escapist shit? So I think we probably are trying to communicate our sense of how life really is lived as opposed to how it should be lived.” For writers on such a mission, playwriting is the natural outlet for a number of reasons: the medium allows the writer an opportunity to bring characters to life, literally, and to do so in front of other people, who will react immediately to what they see and hear. The substance of the form is language as it is spoken, or for that matter, unspoken. In that sense, at least according to those playwrights who have also written novels, short stories, essays, and even poetry, plays can often emerge more directly from the writer’s unconscious. Almost without exception, the playwrights I spoke to listed this among the reasons why they write: to find out what they have to say. “Writing a play is not a conscious choice, as if I have something to say and the people need to know that prison is bad and motherhood is serious business,” says Suzan-Lori Parks. “It’s not like that at all. It’s more like having a cold, having the flu, and writing the play is the only thing that’s going to get the flu out of your system. So you don’t really have a choice. You’re either going to live clogged up and stuffed up and stiff in relative discomfort like this, or you’re going to write it and feel a lot better. So that’s the choice.” It is also a celebration of words as they are spoken. Live theater gives playwrights the opportunity, unique among writers, to literally put words in people’s mouths. The late August Wilson pointed to his pivotal 1979 play Jitney as the first work in which he “took advantage of black speech.” He admitted he hadn’t respected the way in which African-Americans talk, believing that “in order to make art out of it, you had to change it.” But the revelation came when he noticed a simple quote he read in a pamphlet by the African nationalist Ahmed Sékou Touré: Language describes the idea of the one who speaks it. “I found that idea liberating and realized that there is nothing wrong with the way that black people talked,” Wilson told me. “Their language was simply describing the idea, and their way of speaking it was as valid as any other.” For Naomi Wallace, who grew up in Kentucky surrounded by people of varying backgrounds, the introduction, too, was through the special power of spoken words. “Even at a very young age what struck me was how inquisitive people were even in the most dire of circumstances â€" how philosophical, how inquiring they were of their own state in the world,” she says. “I started listening to language and learning from language, how people spoke and how they expressed their reality,” So, tonight, when Neil Patrick Harris goes into another comedy dance number about how disrespected Broadway has become compared to reality TV or the woes of CBS, the network that persists in broadcasting the Tonys despite the ratings, remember what’s really being celebrated: the continuing power of words to provoke, perplex, delight, and create some welcome drama in our everyday lives.

Civil Disobedience, Henry David Thoreau Essay - 1160 Words

That government is best which governs least. Or is it? Should the American people be free to rebel against laws they consider unjust? Henry David Thoreau addresses these issues in his essay, Civil Disobedience. Thoreau wholeheartedly accepts the declaration that the government is best which governs least, and would like to see it acted upon. One day, he hopes, we will be able to carry it out to the point where men can have a government that does not govern at all. Government never of itself furthered any enterprise. He claims that the character of the American people, rather than the government, has kept the country free, settled the west and educated the people. If the government had not interfered, the people would have†¦show more content†¦Law, rather than making men more just, makes them agents of injustice - for example, soldiers fighting even though they believe it wrong. This turns the men into machines that should command no respect; yet we esteem them as good citize ns. This, he says, is not right. The writers of the Constitution chose to have majority rule be a major part of the government so that the government would immediately reflect the desires of the people and so that minorities with crazy ideas would not be able to take over. They believed that the majority would be the most right group of people in the nation; and that the majority would decide right by conscience. In addition, the United States government is not a government based on justice, it is a government based on law. Any government based on justice would involve someone examining each specific scenario and deciding what was just. The founding fathers wanted to avoid this kind of government, as it was based on the opinion of a few people, and if these people became corrupted, they could have unlimited power. The founding fathers chose instead to enact a system of laws to which everyone would be held - even the government leaders. If the majority of people are following the teachings of the Bible, then the righ t decided by the majority should be synonymous with the right decided by conscience; and this was the original intent of the founding fathers. Since the government we now live under is notShow MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau975 Words   |  4 Pages Henry David Thoreau was a very influential writer in the 1800s and still is today. Thoreau was one of America’s â€Å"greats† when it came to early American literature. Henry David Thoreau wrote one of the most influential essays entitled Civil Disobedience. This essay was Thoreau’s political statement, it outlined his views on non violent resistance. Civil Disobedience was written during the Mexican War. The Mexican War was a conflict between Mexico and America that was caused by a dispute over theRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau888 Words   |  4 Pageswhether or not Civil Disobedience is an appropriate weapon in a democracy, one must understand what Civil Disobedience is and how it was developed. The definition of civil disobedience is simple: the refusal to obey laws as a way of forcing the government to do or ch ange something. The man who developed the undertones of Civil Disobedience was Henry David Thoreau. Several key figures looked to his famous paper, The Duty of Civil Disobedience, for inspiration. In a Democracy, Civil Disobedience is not anRead MoreHenry David Thoreau And Civil Disobedience1455 Words   |  6 PagesHenry David Thoreau was an American philosopher known for his interest in politics; specifically raising awareness about the injustice committed by the American government. He’s the author of prominent works like Civil Disobedience and Slavery in Massachusetts, which set the setting for the United States at the time. Both of these works follow a common theme of perseverance through difficult times and the role of the self when choosing right from wrong. Thus, he was deeply engaged in the idea ofRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau969 Words   |  4 Pages Transcendentalism is an idea that expresses the individuality of a person and his differing beliefs from the current societal opinions. This idea had a few articles written about it such as â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Henry David Thoreau which in summary states that if you don’t agree with the society’s opinion, you should form your own and fight for it. Another writing about it is â€Å"Self Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson which also basically states that you should follow your heart and not conform toRead MoreHenry David Thoreau : Civil Disobedience933 Words   |  4 Pagesa quote from Henry David Thoreau from his well-known book called Civil Disobedience (Baym, Levine ,2012). His famous book was written after he was jailed for a night for refusing to pay a tax. However, the following day his relatives paid the tax without his knowledge and this inspired his book Civil Disobedience. Though Henry David Thoreau is also known for being a poet, practical philosopher and his two-year project at Walden pond near Concord, Massachusetts (â€Å"Henry David Thoreau,† 2014). His projectRead MoreCivil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau1260 Words   |  6 PagesCivil Disobedience was written by Henry David Thoreau. The Letter From A Birmingham Jail was written by Martin Luther King Jr. They both had similarities and differences. There were injustices that were done wrong to each of them by others in the society in which they both lived. The injustices and civil disobedience they incurred should never happen to anyone. Henry David Thoreau spoke in an emotional tone in his essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† The emotional part of his essay of Civil DisobedienceRead MoreCivil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau1650 Words   |  7 Pagesweakness? In his 1849 essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† American writer Henry David Thoreau explained he had refused to pay his poll tax to the U.S. government for six years because he opposed the U.S. engaged in war with Mexico. This kind of â€Å"civil disobedience,† Thoreau (1849) said, is crucial because â€Å"a minority is powerless while it conforms to the majority; it is not even a minority then†. In fact, he said, â€Å"It costs me less in every sense to incur the penalty of disobedience to the State than it wouldRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1384 Words   |  6 Pagesis also known as civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is the most efficient form of protest in a society. In all societies both modern day and past, there has been some sort of government. In history many of these governments have abused their power and have become too powerful. In these cases it was the right of the people to protest. All past societies have agreed the less power a government has the better. In an essay Civil Disobedience, written by Henry David Thoreau the text states â€Å"ThatRead MoreCivil Disobedience: Henry David Thoreau771 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was a philosopher and writer who is well known for his criticism of the American government during the time. During Thoreau’s life, there were two major issues being debated in the United States: slavery and the Mexican-American War. Both issues greatly influenced his essay, as he actually practiced civil disobedience in his own life by refusing to pay taxes in protest of the Mexican War. He states that the government should be based on conscience and that citizensRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience933 Words   |  4 PagesIn Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience, he is writing to the American people. He is trying to spark a desire for change, for people to oppose their government without actions. He uses this work to criticize the American institution of slavery as well as the Mexican-American War. Thoreau is attempting to convey the importance of listening to one’s conscience over the laws, believing that it is more important to do what they feel is right rather than listen to the laws given by the majority. Thoreau

Sex Trafficking in the United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1272 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/15 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Crime Essay Prostitution Essay Sex Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Sex trafficking activity in America mainly occurs around the International travel hubs whereby; large number of immigrant gathers. It is an absurd story for the U.S Justice Department, giving estimates of individuals trafficked in the country annually rather; than solving the issue. Results show that young kids and teenagers are the core victims in sex trafficking whereby; they are always at risk every year. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sex Trafficking in the United States" essay for you Create order Further, it is an obvious that the trafficking business especially on women has become one of the largest developing criminal businesses globally. According to the United Nations reports, over 3 million innocent souls are trades against their will, to work in form of servitude (Christensen, Erika Jude 56- 93). I tend to wonder whether the activity is legalized since, it happens each day in United States at alarming rates. Human beings are therefore sold for many different reasons which includes; sex exploitation as well as forced into pornography business. Does the sex trafficking commerce go unnoticed in America? It is a difficult question to answer considering that the criminal business takes place every single day. However, Alverez suggests that the law has struggled with the issue and, it has not been easy to solve since many cases goes unreported. She further writes in her article that people trafficked fears reporting since, they assumes that they are the criminals (Priscil la 1). I find the argument unreliable because, many victims are forced into the business thus; the law must act in protecting them rather than pointing figures on them. Yes, United States has the largest number of victims in sex trafficking business whereby, over 80 percent of both women and children are exploited every year (Higgins, Jeff Christopher 56-102). Body In my position, the government should take trafficking business serious, by prohibiting it as well as implicating punishment acts over such exploitations. The Human Right department seems to be more concerned with the statistics of individuals at risk annually rather; than putting more emphasis on solutions to eradicating it. However, many victims in the business are engaged to false pretense whereby; most of them are the immigrants Young girls come to the country due to political instability in their nation (Priscilla 1). Additionally, the U.S department is not doing enough in eliminating this act because, research indicates that it is the enticing destination globally, mostly for young poor girls from other countries. It is a higher responsibility for the federal government to take serious attention on sex commercial business, especially by saving young girls who are enticed into this activity by eagle men. Research shows apart from the kidnapping incidents, many individuals g ets in sex commercial business over desperation of poverty. Further, it is a federal role to act over poverty issues as well as education in various areas such as; Chicago, Dallas as well as New Yolk where the illegal business is easily practiced (Christensen, Erika Jude 41). I find it unfair for the harbor laws aimed at protecting minority, taking actions over blaming the victims especially adults thus; implicating fear on them by making them feel like criminals. However, it is obvious that many in the business are not in a position to seeking help from the authority because; recruiters make them feel as the criminals in the activity Victims of this criminal acts feels the shame of reporting the incident. Additionally, the criminal act goes unnoticed by the law since there are fewer reports as compared to statistics of trafficking annually (Priscilla 1). Sex trafficking thereby; becomes a powerful play where violation silences victims over their own life. Sex trafficking indust ry creates a new life for both girls as well as women whereby; it becomes difficult for them to escape. As the fastest growing form of commerce in United States, sex trade is unique as compared to drugs because victims are able to make higher profits for traffickers severally. However, they are highly exposed into adverse harsh conditions over their health that, possibly affects their physical, mental as well as emotional fitness. Further, I find the sex business as the major cause of higher increase rates of sexual transmitted disorders in the States which are known to be prevalent. With such results it is obvious that sex trafficking victims are tortured as well as abused thus, it should be an essential obligations for healthcare providers, to perform screening activities on young girls and women. Individuals health is an important aspect for the government in every nation thereby; despite the difficulties faced in finding solutions to ending sex trafficking, it is important in pr oviding public health care for both girls and women. Naha A Deshpandes article is right while implicating on how victims of sex business, are in critical situation of trauma as a result of mental as well as emotional abuse. Note that sex trafficking involves physical abuse thus; it is genuine for victims to suffer various injuries such as concussions. Despite the Senate holding Back-page site as the largest platform for sex trafficking advertisement in 2016, records from National Center for Missing Children indicated an increased number in the trafficking business (Nahe Nawal 1). However, it has not been easy in solving this issue whereby; the advanced social media such as Snap-chat, vine as well as Kik have become a better place for traffickers to lure desperate as well as determined ladies. According to the Atlantic journal, there was a confession over seventeen year old girl, who was tempted into the sex business via Face-book where she found it hard to escape, After high sch ool I connected with the gentleman who introduced me into the business. Despite the young girl having a better life with her family, she ended up ruined, toured and shameless (Priscilla 1). However, I would urge parent to protect their children through prayers as well as monitoring their every move; especially on their friends in social media. Conclusion In conclusion, I will answer the question yes, the Sex Trafficking activity have gone unnoticed in America, probably because victims are silenced thus; no reports over the incidents. However, it is difficult in identifying traffickers, despite the State order of their prosecution. The U.S Justice Department; giving estimates to individuals trafficked in the country annually rather; than solving the issue. Results show that young children and women are the core victims in sex trafficking whereby; they are always at risk every year. Further, the law must take serious action over the issue before it is too late, by promising victims full protection over pimps. Sex commercial is a multifaceted threat which requires an inclusive loom, which includes prosecution of the crime offenders as well as protection measures over the abducted individuals. Further, the U.S department is not doing enough in eradicating the act because, research indicates that it is the enticing destination globally, mostly for young poor girls from other countries (Nichols 35). It is a higher responsibility for the federal government to take serious attention on sex commercial business, especially by saving young girls who are enticed into this activity by eagle men. Work Cited Christensen, Erika E, and Jude M. Antonyappan.? Sex Trafficking Victims and Offenders in the United States: A Descriptive Study. , 2012. Print. Higgins, Jeff V, and Christopher M. Brady.? Child Sex Trafficking in the United States. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2012. Print. Nichols, Andrea J.? Sex Trafficking in the United States: Theory, Research, Policy, and Practice. , 2016. Print. Nahe A Deshpande, BA and Nawal M Nour, MD, MPH. Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls. Journalhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3651545/ Priscilla Alvarez. When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America. , Feb 2016 The Atlantica Journal. Print https://www.theatlantic.com/sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/

Integration Paper Young Adults Essay - 2549 Words

Andrea Castro Bergstrom Psychology 230-900 24 November 2016 Integration Paper Young adults are faced with many challenges in their lives. Just like challenges, there are also different paths that can be chosen as a young adult matures. These paths lead them to their future friends, their future careers, and their future lives. As these young adults get older they may reflect on the choices they have made and see if they are satisfied with where their choices have lead them and where they stand in today’s world. They may also take with them into old age lessons they have learned and can help others learn from. Gilbert Smith is a friend of mine whom I have known for 5 years. He is 36 years old, married with one child, a daughter, and lives in Greeley Colorado. He was born in Indio California, a city located in Riverside County. He is the oldest sibling in his family. He has a younger brother and sister. 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Capital Budgeting Technique as a Decision Making Tool - Click Now

Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Capital budgeting is a technique used for a business, which helps the corporation in the amount that to be invested in a portfolio. It is a methodology used by the corporate managers for better understanding of risk and return analysis of portfolio. This technique is used by managers for better investment of long term assets, as they are the only one which generate more cash value to the company in a long run. It is considered as a challenging task as it consists of investment decision and majorly funds of the company are blocked in the portfolio (Kersyte, 2012). Hence it has to be ensured by the management that the selected portfolio will generate cash flow in a long run. It provides a better focus on the company goals and objectives. However there are various methods which are used in capital budgeting that are internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), profitability index (PI), accounting rate of return, modified internal rate of return (MIRR), average accounting rate of return (ARR), payback period. All these methods are used in capital budgeting analysis, to make a match between actual results and expected results (Karanovic, Baresa Bogdan, 2010). To conduct risk analysis, capital budgeting lays some techniques which are hillers model, break even analysis, sensitivity analysis, simulation analysis, scenario analysis, and decision tree analysis. Following are some of the methods discussed. Sensitivity analysis It is the study which tells about that how much the level of uncertainty in the output can be distributed over the different inputs of the portfolio. It is also called as what if analysis. It is a technique used to define the extent to which the predicted performance is affected by the uncertainty in the assumptions of the portfolio. This analysis is called as what if analysis because it is used for comparative analysis in various projects and their risk and return analysis. There are two major benefits of sensitivity analysis. The first benefit is for the investor that is he/she would get a better vision that which project is more sensitive to the uncertainties. Hence it would be easier for him/her to conduct a comparative analysis and invest in a best portfolio matching with his goals. The second benefit to the investor is that his/her views would be clearer as to rely upon NPV decision or not. As sometimes NPV gives vague answers. However there are some critics also. The first critic is that only one estimate is taken at a time in sensitivity analysis. That is simultaneous changes of the factors are not considered. The second critic is that, no indication is given to the investor that how sensitive analysis should be done, that is its uses and its evaluation. In sensitive analysis each variable is treated as separate, it is when the different variables are related to each other. It can be better understood that if in a company variable costs, fixed costs, and investment costs are raised above the expectation simultaneously. In this case sensitivity analysis will only take one variable at a time. Hence by this it can be arrived at a solution that this analysis is done for better understanding of the effect of exogenous variables that is independent variables over endogenous variables that is dependent variables. Relationship between sensitivity analysis and capital budgeting Capital budgeting helps a corporation in deciding the amount that to be invested in a project and the desired returns for the respective project. Sensitivity analysis guides that one input variable can be changed at a time, and its effect on the output variables. It guides the management and investors that which project is a better return giving project (Hall Millard, 2010). As per Colin Drury, analysis in NPV is done on variables like investment costs, initial outlay, and its components like selling price, selling units, sales volume, interest rates and discount rates. The net present value method has various assumptions so to calculate about underlying sensitivity of a project, and the extent of that sensitivity. According to him sensitive analysis is done to calculate about sensitivity and responsiveness of net present value to the different uncertainties (Zhamoida, Matsiuk, 2011). Scenario analysis It is a technique which is adopted by corporate managers to get to know about that how the project outcomes will change under already known circumstances. In this analysis an expected value is determined for a given period of time. The expected value of the financial analysis results changes because of changes like time value of money, interest rates. When NPV is computed of different projects by an investor, it is considered as scenario analysis. As because of uncertainty, sometimes the financial result outcome may be completely unexpected even though there has been NPV analysis of different projects laid down (Kengatharan, 2016). To select the best portfolio both sensitive analysis and scenario analysis is done. The amount and the extent of uncertainty are answered by sensitive analysis. In sensitive analysis the outcome effectiveness is considered by keeping in mind certain variables. While in scenario analysis which financial result is most likely to happen is analyzed. In scenario analysis a number of variables which can be homogenous are considered, and how they influence the factors of financial results outcomes. In complex situation scenario analysis is suggested. According to this there can be two market condition weak market condition and strong market condition. In weak market condition, it is expected by the investor that unit sales would be less, and hence the unit cost would be also be less. While in case of strong market condition it is expected by the investor as sales would be increase and that would lead to increase in unit costs (Lunkes, Feliu, Fillil, Rosa, 2015). Relationship between scenario analysis and capital budgeting Scenario analysis provides a methodology in which evaluation of the variability is done in capital budgeting for example NPV. In this, base case scenarios are determined which are the estimated cash flows. According to base case scenario there can be two market conditions that are best market condition and worst market condition. NPV is determined under each market condition. This would enable the investor in getting an idea that in which NPV of the project would lie (Ryan Ryan, 2002). Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) In this model the expected return of equities are calculated in relation to a particular firm. Risk and return analysis are one of the most important factors to be considered before investing in any project or portfolio. It is usually said that the more return can be achieved if it is combined with more risk (Sharifzadeh, 2010). Hence it can be said that there is a positive relation between return and risk. But this differs as the investors perspective changes. Like in case of risk takers they like to bear more risk in return of getting more returns, while the risk avoiders avoid to take risk, as they want a fixed return on the project. Usually risk avoiders are the old man, or pensioners who want fixed return as to save money (Armitage, 2005). CAPM model is used by the investors and financiers so as to calculate the return to be required as to cover risk. However CAPM models lay some assumptions which are as follows: Unlimited funds can be borrowed by the investor that is there is no limit to the borrowing. However funds can be lent further at a risk free rate or zero rate of risk. Investors are assumed to be wealth maximizes that is an investor would select a portfolio based on the expected return and standard deviation. All the financial assets are fully divisible. All the investor lays homogeneous expectations regarding the same portfolio. No taxation charges are levied Transaction cost is not levied. Investors cannot influence the market prices. The financial assets quantities are given and are fixed. All the findings or information related are provided to the investor, however this practice cannot be adopted universally as some information are being hidden to maintain confidentiality. CAPM equation Here: Rf= risk free rate that is zero risk rate =beta coefficient Re= equity return E(Rm)= it is market premium, also called as expected return of market rate (Vijendra, 2016). However two elements are included in CAPM model, those are CML which is capital market line and SML which is security market line (Elton, Gruber, Brown Goetzmann, 2010). CML (capital market line) Information regarding CML was provided in doctoral dissertation of Harry Markowitz in 1950s. According to him a CML is a graph which is derived from CAPM model. If a line is drawn as tangent line, from the point of risk free assets to a feasible region of risky assets, it is called as CML. CML is used to determine the rate of return required for a given portfolio. The analysis of CML depends upon the rate of return and the risk rate involved in a particular portfolio. In CML the relationship between return and risk is defined, so that a portfolio can be managed effectively and risk to be matched with the return (Brigham Daves, 2014). In a market portfolio whenever the risk free assets are combined, they provides a higher return. The basic objective behind CML concept was to combine risk free assets and market portfolio. This model is highly preferred by the experts as risk free assets are considered in the portfolio. However Harry Markowitz in 1952s mentioned that the basic aim of an investor for a portfolio is to make a balance between securities so that greatest return could be achieved with an acceptable rate of risk. Here the concept comes of efficient frontier where the optimal portfolio lies. However in CML the relationship between risk and return of individual securities are not specified, as it would be calculated by SML. Here only those portfolios are considered in which risk cannot be diverted. However SML is used if there is any risk return relationship SML is suggested. In CML, risk investments are not used, as only efficient portfolios are considered. In SML there are two types of risk those are systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk can be said in a portfolio if the risk contained in it cannot be diversified by diversification like political and legal factors. While in a portfolio unsystematic risk can be said, if the risk can be avoided by diversification (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). CML equation E(Rp) = xE(Ry)+(1-x)Rf Here: x= the percentage of risky assets which are invested in a portfolio (1-x)= the percentage of risk free assets which are invested in a portfolio E(Ry)= risk assets portfolios expected return Rf= risk free interest rate (Jones, 2016). Similarities in CAPM and CML The equilibrium relationship is established between portfolio co variances and its expected rate of return, called as security market line which is called as CAPM. There is a positive relationship between CAPM and CML, which is as the risk increases, the expectation of getting return would also increase. However both CAPM and CML are used in determining the portfolio, hence it can be said as a good tool for portfolio management and investment analysis (Giovanis, 2007). Difference in CML and CAPM CML does not only depict the efficient frontier, but also depicts the relationship of equilibrium between and expected rate of return E(r) in all the efficient portfolios. In CML only efficient portfolio are considered, whereas in CAPM both efficient and non efficient portfolios are considered. In CML standard deviation is calculated to measure the risk, while in CAPM beta coefficient is calculated to measure the risk which is also called as the measurement of systematic risk. CAPM is not considered as realistic because it assumes that a portfolio would be selected by an investor on the basis of risk and return analysis (Kurschner, 2008). Conclusion Capital budgeting is a considerable decision to be taken by the corporate managers in an organization. As the decision to be taken in capital budgeting would affect the other decisions too in a corporate like financing decision. Hence it is suggested that for getting a better return on the investment, an analysis of portfolio management need to be done on regular basis. Hence for effective management, other level managers should be included. It needs to be questioned by the managers before investing in a security about the criteria of the decision, information to be required, decision and execution burden. References Armitage,S. (2005) The cost of capital: Intermediate theory, Cambridge university press, United Kingdom Brigham,E,F Daves,P,R.(2014) Intermediate financial management, Cengage learning, United States Brigham,E,F Ehrhardt,M,C. (2013) Financial management: Theory practice, Cengage learning, United States Elton,E,J. Gruber,M,J. Brown,S,J Goetzmann,W,N.(2010) Modern portfolio theory and investment analysis, John wiley sons, Hoboken Giovanis,E. (2007) Application of capital asset pricing (CAPM) and arbitrage pricing theory (APT) models in Athens exchange stock market, GRIN ,Germany Hall,J Millard,S. (2010) Capital budgeting practices used by selected listed south Africans firms, SAJEMS NS 13, No1. Retrieved at https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajems/v13n1/07.pdf Jones,C,P.(2016) Investments, Binder ready version: Analysis and management, John Wiley sons, Hoboken Karanovic,G. Baresa,S Bogdan,S. (2010) techniques for managing projects risk in capital budgeting process. UTMS journal of economics, Vol 1, No.2 Kengatharan,L.(2016) Capital budgeting theory and practice: A review and agenda for future research, Applied economics and finance, vol 3rd, No.2nd Kersyte,A. (2012) Investment risk analysis: theoretical aspects. Economics and management. Retrieved at https://www.eis.ktu.lt/index.php/Ekv/article/viewFile/2099/1628 Kurschner,M. (2008) Limitations of the capital asset pricing model, GRIN, Germany Lunkes,R,J. Feliu,V,R. Fillil,A,G Rosa,F,S,D.(2015) Capital budgeting practices: A comparative study between a port company in Brazil and in Spain, Journal of public administration and policy research, Vol 7(3) Ryan,P,A Ryan, G,P. (2002) Capital budgeting practices of the fortune 1000: how have things changed?, Journal of business and management, Vol 8th, No 4th Sharifzadeh,M.(2010) An empirical and theoretical analysis of capital asset pricing model, Universal publishers, USA Vijendra,S. (2016) Comparative study of stock movement between Tech Mahindra and Infosys, Journal of advances in business management, volume 2nd, issue 1st Zhamoida, O, A, .Matsiuk, M, S,. (2011). Sensitivity Analysis in Capital Budgeting. Economic Herald of the Donbas [online], No (4)(26), accessed at 23 december,2016,available at https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=17cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjo7In0iofRAhXJQY8KHfdBA0AQFghvMBAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fispolzovanie-analiza-chuvstvitelnosti-pri-raschete-rentabelnosti-kapitalovlozheniy.pdfusg=AFQjCNHCD6PWgAddRPqSBYYmwfjTYRn9MQbvm=bv.142059868,d.c2I

McDonald’s global marketing strategy Essay Example

McDonald’s global marketing strategy Essay 1. Identify the cardinal elements in McDonald’s planetary selling scheme ( GMS ) . In peculiar. how does McDonald’s near the issue of standardisation? McDonald’s has become the most celebrated and successful fast-food eating houses all over the universe. The construct of fast nutrient and American-style nutrient ( Burgers. french friess ) has conquered the universe. We can speak about standardisation sing Mcdo’s scheme: the selling mix is fundamentally the same. Merchandises: Fast nutrient. American nutrient ( Burgers. french friess and sodium carbonate ) Monetary value: Cheap. Burger Index * Promotion: American manner. mass communicating. attract kids. same trade name name. colourss and logo Topographic point: Quick service. crowded country However. we can non talk about a entire standardisation since McDonalds has adapted its bill of fare. worsening its selling mix sing some facets of the local civilizations. * The enlargement and standardisation of the beefburger has led to the creative activity of a monetary value index that can be used as an economic mention between different states known as the Big Mac Index. 2. Make you believe authorities functionaries in developing states such as Russia. China. and India welcome McDonald’s? Do consumers in these states welcome McDonald’s? Why or why non? We would believe that McDonalds would hold problem to turn up in states with really distant imposts or instead loath to the American manner of life. But the trade name had a really good construct. We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s global marketing strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s global marketing strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s global marketing strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer McDonalds was besides a manner for these countries’ population to eat abundantly for little budgets. When McDonalds opens its first eating house in Russia. the company creates its ain supply concatenation. including farms. within the USSR. For political grounds. McDonald’s Canada was responsible for this gap. with small input from the U. S. McDonalds has managed to derive the trust of local governments and local population by working with agricultural manufacturers to develop local supply nutrient beginnings. Mentalities and civilizations have besides evolved a batch. since the beginning of globalisation. In Asia. immature people rapidly fall in this manner of eat. because it was much more modern. However. McDonalds didn’t deny the important food’s imposts: In 1996 when McDonald’s entered in India for the first clip. it offered a Big Mac made with lamb called the Maharaja Mac. 3. At the terminal of 2003. McDonald’s announced it was selling the Donatos Pizza unit. Then. in 2006. the Chipotle concatenation was spun off. In visible radiation of these strategic actions. buttocks McDonald’s chances for success beyond the burger-and-fries theoretical account. MacDonald’s wanted to confirm itself in its nucleus concern: Burger and french friess. So they decided to concentrate on their basic construct and to abandoned concerns they believed to be complimentary. This scheme of specialisation allows: A cost-leadership An betterment of productiveness A leader’s statue in footings of inventions An first-class market’s cognition To give clear brand’s individuality and ends better defined In making so. they wanted to restore themselves as the mention n ° 1 of Burger A ; fries’ fast-food. 4. Is it realistic to anticipate that McDonald’s – or any well-known company – can spread out globally without on occasion doing errors or bring forthing contention? Why do anti-globalization dissenters around the universe often aim McDonald’s? I think that a company can spread out globally without needfully doing large errors. But in this instance. that company should put a batch of money in marketing research upstream but besides continually to be ever cognizant of the local environment. The local every bit good as general determinations must take into history all collected informations. Here is the ground why there are sometimes errors. It is an intricate procedure. which requires clip and money. But it goes without stating. that each operation must be consistent with each marketing’s location. Sing McDonald’s. it is normal that all freshnesss proposed haven’t ever been liked because country’s nutrient. gustatory sensations and eating wonts are really variable depending on each population. McDonald’s has been really executing in happening a basic bill of fare that pleases about everyone. This is that power which has Mcdo. to standardise eating wonts. that scares anti-globalists. In fact. nutrient is frequently a beloved component to 1s who wish to continue their cultural individuality. Finally. I guess it is possible to be accepted world-wide. but it is hazardous to change the traditions of the foreign state in which the company want to set up itself. Case 2: Acer’s scheme. 1. Acer’s scheme has been described as divide and conquer. Explain. Acer. founded in 1976 by Stan Shih. is the 4th computing machine maker in the universe. The Chinese group is specialized in fabrication and commercialisation of computing machines. proctors and other computing machine peripherals. The different trade names of the group are: Acer. Packard Bell. Gateway and eMachines. Contrary to McDonalds. Acer has opted for a scheme of distinction instead than standardisation. Indeed. when Stan Shih uses the phrase divide and conquer it’s to foreground the group’s determination to continue the individuality and personality of each group’s trade name and to utilize the privileged relation that these trade names have built over the old ages with their ain clients: Packard Bell targets the general populace eMachines the big public first price Gateway marks larger companies Acer focal point on mobility to pull both consumers and the SoHo market ( Small office and Home Office ) 2. How did the global markets-local markets paradox figure into Stan Shih’s scheme for China? Stan Shih determination to concentrate on the Chinese market is rather self-contradictory sing the divide and conquer strategy : The word divide is a paradox because Acer wants to refocus on the Chinese market. so the mark will be much more homogenous. And on the other manus. conquer is non the involvement here because Chinese are already conquered. So the scheme division is rather self-contradictory every bit far as local markets are concerned. because the population is more unvarying. But this scheme is possibly really successful excessively at a local degree. 3. Can Acer go the world’s 3rd largest Personal computer company. behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard? We can so conceive of that Acer may go the world’s 3rd largest Personal computer company. Since the refocus of Acer in China. the consequences have been impressive. However. it must stand out from Lenovo. To turn its market portions. Acer must hold a more planetary position and this will do the difference. If the group wants to alter this ranking. he can non keep its scheme to the Chinese market. Acer should besides better its B to C. because it is more recognized in the universe of B to B. Acer has to be more advanced and derive the trust of diverse populations. 4. Even before the current economic crisis deepened. growing in the U. S. Personal computer market had begun to decelerate down. Despite strong competition from Dell and Hewlett-Packard. Acer’s U. S. market portion increased from 1 per centum in 2004 to 3. 3 per centum by the terminal of 2006. What are Acer’s chances for deriving farther portion in the United States? It was hard for Acer to come in in the US’ market: Dell and HP have a monopoly in the Personal computer at that place. The United States enlargement is really closely linked to the meeting with the American computing machine hardware maker Gateway. while the European move is related to the acquisition of the Packard Bell company. Acer’s purpose is to offer a broad scope of computing machines: the determination to maintain the different trade names by look intoing that they don’t overlap is an ideal combination. EMachines offers inexpensive desktop. Acer made inexpensive laptops and Gateway is located in the midrange and high terminal. This is likely what has allowed Acer to increase its market portion. and it is likely thanks to its inexpensive scope that the crisis hasn’t had any impact on its growing in the United States.

Free Essays on Discourses

Chapter I: The Various Kinds of Government, and the Ways By Which They Are Established. Machiavelli begins The Prince with a crucial distinction of political categories. There are, he writes, only two ways in which a state can be organized: as a republic, or as a monarchy. After making this distinction, Machiavelli immediately, without a pause or comment, simply drops the discussion of the â€Å"republic.† This doesn’t mean that Machiavelli doesn’t like republics republics, after all, are the subject of his other major work of political theory, The Discourses. Rather than accuse Machiavelli of anti-democratic bias, we should note that in this particular book, which meant to describe the proper conduct of a prince, any discussion of princeless republics would be entirely irrelevant. After bracketing the idea of a republic, then, Machiavelli moves on to divide the category of â€Å"monarchy† into further sub-categories. Monarchies, he writes, can be either hereditary and governed by the same family for generations, or recently founded. Again, Machiavelli follows one division with another. Leaving aside hereditary monarchies for the moment, he distinguishes two different kinds of recently founded monarchies – those which are entirely new, and those which are new annexations of territory added onto pre-existing hereditary monarchies. As we might expect, within this latter category (the annexed state), there are also two subcategories: Machiavelli points out that some annexed states were previously subject to another ruler, and some were formerly free. And finally, there is yet another kind of subcategory within annexed states: those which were conquered by a prince in war, and those which simply fall to him through luck or skill. Chapter II: Of Hereditary Monarchies This chapter begins with Machiavelli’s apology for not discussing republics in this book – in what seems to be an explicit reference to D... Free Essays on Discourses Free Essays on Discourses Chapter I: The Various Kinds of Government, and the Ways By Which They Are Established. Machiavelli begins The Prince with a crucial distinction of political categories. There are, he writes, only two ways in which a state can be organized: as a republic, or as a monarchy. After making this distinction, Machiavelli immediately, without a pause or comment, simply drops the discussion of the â€Å"republic.† This doesn’t mean that Machiavelli doesn’t like republics republics, after all, are the subject of his other major work of political theory, The Discourses. Rather than accuse Machiavelli of anti-democratic bias, we should note that in this particular book, which meant to describe the proper conduct of a prince, any discussion of princeless republics would be entirely irrelevant. After bracketing the idea of a republic, then, Machiavelli moves on to divide the category of â€Å"monarchy† into further sub-categories. Monarchies, he writes, can be either hereditary and governed by the same family for generations, or recently founded. Again, Machiavelli follows one division with another. Leaving aside hereditary monarchies for the moment, he distinguishes two different kinds of recently founded monarchies – those which are entirely new, and those which are new annexations of territory added onto pre-existing hereditary monarchies. As we might expect, within this latter category (the annexed state), there are also two subcategories: Machiavelli points out that some annexed states were previously subject to another ruler, and some were formerly free. And finally, there is yet another kind of subcategory within annexed states: those which were conquered by a prince in war, and those which simply fall to him through luck or skill. Chapter II: Of Hereditary Monarchies This chapter begins with Machiavelli’s apology for not discussing republics in this book – in what seems to be an explicit reference to D...

The Madoff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Madoff - Essay Example the Madoff In some cases the companies around the world, collaborate and act in regards to each other so as to form a collusive or cartel kind of a behaviour and activity. This creates the scenario where the companies purposely cheat the common people or players in the market in regards to their money or other basic rights. In this case, the focus is on the securities fraud created by Bernard Madoff. Discussing about the origin of the fraud, it needs to be stated that the securities firm was started by Bernard Madoff in the year 1960 under the name of Bernard L Madoff Investment Securities LLC. The company was based in New York and was under the sole ownership of Bernard Madoff. Bernard Madoff also headed an investment advisory business which focused on taking billions of dollars from multiple wealthy individuals, institutional investors and middle class people. The middle class people were made to invest through feeder funds which belonged to that of Tremont Capital Management and Fairfield Gr eenwich Advisors. The performance record of Madoff was pretty impressive as well. Over a long period of around 15 years, he incurred a loss of around 13 months only. To keep a growth record which is clear of any suspicions from the investors, the owner of the investing firm Bernard Madoff kept showing annual gains of around 10 percent on an annual basis. It is important to note that under the facade of sterling performance of the companies owned by Madoff, the greatest Ponzi scheme that might have existed in the financial sector of the world till date was pulled off. The reality behind the sterling performance of the companies owned by Madoff is that a Ponzi scheme was being executed where Madoff focused on using the money provided by new investors to repay the obligations of the previous ones. All the highly profitable facts, figures and reports that were displayed by the companies held by Madoff were completely fake in nature. Reports from various reliable sources highlight that on the December of 2008, Bernard Madoff had a meeting with his sons, where he disclosed that the entire business is complete fake and the fact that he owes around 7 billion USD to multiple clients. In that meeting he also wanted to distribute the Christmas bonus of the employees earlier than usual. After the meeting, the Madoff Juniors consulted with their individual and private attorney who placed the call to officials of the federal government on the evening of December 10. On 11 December, 2008 Bernard Madoff was finally arrested for the execution of a 65 billion USD Ponzi scheme. As of March 2009, Bernard Madoff was pleaded guilty in connection to around 11 acts of felony, which included the fraud of securities. After the weeks, following the arrest of Madoff, investors who lost out on large sums of money filed a number of class action lawsuits under the Southern District of New York (Benson, 3). 2. Explanation of the Madoff Fraud While explaining the Madoff Fraud for this particular assignment, it needs to be stated the entire explanation can be done in regards to the five tragic truisms that are very essential to be discussed and properly related in the assignment. First Tragic Truism The first tragic truism belongs to the category of people. The truism that has been discussed here states that a majority of

Writing about poetry and song lyrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing about poetry and song lyrics - Essay Example who holds a special place among this group, and his work is marked by three main emotions- â€Å"politics, nature and love.†(Natasa Bakic Miric) He has often been called the most lyrical of English poets, and his work is marked by the reformist zeal which had encircled the globe, all of which fired his visionary and idealist leanings. In his works can be seen the natural movement from an idealism which creates the feeling of love for humanity, a belief in beauty and the consequent freedom of humanity. The lyrical quality of the poem can be attributed to its arrangement which consists of 105 lines, arranged in 21 stanzas of five lines each. The first four lines are set in trochaic tri-meter while the fifth is in iambic hexameter. All the stanzas have the rhyme scheme ABABB. This poem came about, in the words of his wife Mary Shelley, when they â€Å"heard the caroling of the skylark, which inspired one of his most beautiful poems" (Shelley The Pursuit - Page 599) To the poet, the skylark is a metaphor for the ability to transcend the worldliness which surrounds us, and live with the idealism which all human beings dream of. In the opening of the poem, Shelly addresses the skylark as a â€Å"Blithe spirit† instead of referring to it as a bird because the sweet strains of its singing seems to come from the Heavens. Shelly proves his point through the following phrase -"profuse strains of unpremeditated art." (Stanza 1- line 4) The poet compares the flight of the bird stating that it looked â€Å"like a cloud of fire† (Stanza 2 – line 3) as it soared higher and higher into the blue sky comparing its flight to something that is so joyful that even though it cannot be seen from afar, yet we are able to hear its â€Å"shrill delight.’ (Stanza 4 – line 5) Shelly is one poet who is capable of creating vivid pictures in the minds eye of his audiences inducing a sense of oneness to the bird. He goes on to explain the bird’s descent from the clouds comparing it to

Overview of Hyperlipidemia

Overview of Hyperlipidemia Introduction Hyperlipidemia, involves higher lipids or lipoproteins in blood,is one of the most observed conditions related to cardiovascular system (Hassan, 2013). This small paper focuses on outlining the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms and organs involved in the Hyperlipidemia. Further, this paper also proposes diagnosis and alternative treatment protocols and their success rate for Hyperlipidemia. The pathophysiology of the Hyperlipidemia The pathophysiology of the Hyperlipidemia can be classified into primary hyperlipidemia and secondary hyperlipidemia. Whilst genetic factors cause the primary hyperlipidemia, the metabolic disorders cause the secondary hyperlipidemia. The secondary hyperlipidemia can be caused due to diabetes mellitus, high usage of drugs such as beta blockers and estrogens, renal failure, high alcohol consumption etc. (Brown, 2003). Genetic hyperlipidemia can be categorized into disorders such as familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypertriglyceridemia, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia etc. The familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder caused due to high-levels of low-density lipoprotein in blood (Stang Story, 2005). On the other hand, familial hypertriglyceridemia is a highly dominant condition caused due to excess production of vey low-density lipoprotein. Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia is a condition characterized by increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein. Finally, familial combined hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by decreased low-density lipoprotein and increased Apolipoprotein B (Brown, 2003). The signs and symptoms of Hyperlipidemia Normally, hyperlipidemia does not show any symptoms in early ears. As days pass on, the symptoms such as manifestation of high cholesterol beneath of elbows, knees and eyes can be seen (Ankur et al, 2012). One can also observe the symptoms such as whitish rings around the eye’s iris in a person suffering from hyperlipidemia. Since the elevated cholesterol blocks the blood vessels, it can lead coronary heart disease or strokes. The frequent heart strokes can also be considered as major symptoms for hyperlipidemia. The organs and/or system involved in Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemia impacts cardiovascular system and leads to cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular system, also known as circulatory system, is an organ system that facilitates blood to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients to organs and tissues of the body (Stang Story, 2005). The cardiovascular system helps in fighting the diseases and stabilizing the body temperature. The system is vulnerable to diseases when cholesterol accumulates the inflamed areas of blood vessels leading to reduced flow or blockage. Since cardiovascular blockage causes reduced blood flow, heart can be considered as most vulnerable organ to hyperlipidemia. Left untreated, hyperlipidemia can lead coronary artery disease and ultimately result to heart attack (Stang Story, 2005). The organ, artery, is involved in hyperlipidemia because, in most of the cases, cholesterol accumulates in artery that transports blood away from heart. Brain is another organ involved in hyperlipidemia. Since high cholesterol blocks the blood vessel that supplies blood to brain, the possibility of occurring ischemic strokes would be increased (Ankur et al, 2012). How Hyperlipidemia is diagnosed? Cholesterol test should be done to diagnose the lipid disorder or hyperlipidemia. The cholesterol test can be conducted with a lab diagnosis test called Lipid Panel. Patients should past for at least 12 hours before undergoing Lipid Panel test because it is important to clear the chylomicron from the blood; the clearance of chylomicron might take 10 to 12 hour. The laboratory testing is conducted to measure the total plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides within the blood (Brown, 2003). In order to measure the very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, the triglyceride should be divided by 5. In the same way, in order to calculate the low-density lipoprotein, it is important to subtract the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein from total cholesterol. For total cholesterol: If the results show that the cholesterol levels are 200 milligrams per decilitre or less, it is considered as a normal condition. The cholesterol levels that fall in between 201 and 240 milligrams per decilitre indicate borderline cholesterol. Similarly, greater than 240 milligram per decilitre indicates higher cholesterol levels. For high-density lipoprotein: If the high-density lipoprotein is 60 milligrams per decilitre, it can be considered as good cholesterol (Ankur et al, 2012). Since the higher levels of high-density lipoprotein are good to the body, it is recommended for people to maintain at least 60 milligrams per decilitre. If the high-density lipoprotein falls in between 40 milligram per decilitre and 59 milligram per decilitre, it is considered as acceptable cholesterol level. On the other hand, less than 40 milligram per decilitre increases the risk of heart disease (Ankur et al, 2012). For low-density lipoprotein: The optimal low-density lipoprotein for human body is 100 milligrams per decilitre or lesser. If the low-density lipoprotein level falls in between 100 milligram per decilitre and 129 milligram per decilitre, it is considered as near-optimal and does not cause any harm to individual. The low-density lipoprotein level is in between 130 milligram per decilitre and 159 milligram per decilitre, it is considered as a borderline high. Anything higher than 160 milligram per decilitre is considered as bad cholesterol (Hassan, 2013). Alternative treatment protocols and their success rate A wide-range of alternative treatment protocols is available to treat hyperlipidemia. A couple of them are mentioned below. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Three important approaches such as excretory function enhancement, tonic effect reinforcement and cardiovascular system improvement are used to treat hyperlipidemia. Though there is no scientific evidence of the efficacy of these approaches, they are highly successful in controlling blood lipid levels and adjusting bodily functions (Hassan, 2013). Acupuncture: Acupuncture helps in reducing the cellular accumulations of fatty materials and makes the individual less vulnerable to heart disease. By needling the acupuncture point located on the lower leg, it is possible to reduce and prevent the formation of foam cells in the body. With 80% success rate, acupuncture has become one of the best alternative treatment protocols for hyperlipidemia. Conclusion Cardiovascular system is highly vulnerable to hyperlipidemia when cholesterol accumulates the inflamed areas of blood vessels. Hyperlipidemia can be caused due to genetic disorders or metabolic disorders. Some of the major symptoms of hyperlipidemia are cholesterol accumulation beneath of elbows, knees and eyes can be seen, whitish rings around the eye’s iris and chest pain. In addition to cardiovascular system, the organs such as artery, heart and brain are also involved in hyperlipidemia. By carrying out Lipid Panel test, it is possible to check the lipid levels in blood. The alternative treatment protocols such as acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine can be used to treat hyperlipidemia. References Brown, W.V. (2003). Cholesterol absorption inhibitors: defining new options in lipid management.Clinical Cardiology, 26(6), 259–264. Hassan, B.A.R. (2013). Overview on Hyperlipidemia. Journal of Chromatography Separation Techniques, 4 (3), 113. Stang, J., Story, M. (Eds.). (2005). Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Retrieved on 9th November, 2014 from http://www.epi.umn.edu/let/pubs/img/adol_ch10.pdf> Ankur, R., Nidhi, D., Seema, R., Amarjeet, D., Ashok, K. (2012). Hyperlipidemia- A Deadly Pathological Condition. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3), 15-18.

Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay -- OBrient Things They Ca

Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried Culture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous emotions and remain firm, following expected duties. O’Brien develops this theme of the transition from youth to manhood in his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Through the protagonist Jimmy Cross, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, O’Brien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of impractical idealism and dwell instead on the cruel reality of the world. Initially, O’Brien highlights Cross’s thoughts of love and emotional feelings as he describes the experience of war. Cross constantly thinks about Martha and how much he loves her, and though he senses her uninvolvement, he remains in denial about the fact that Martha feels nothing for him. However, he grasps on to her as his only hope. She represents his connections to a normal life, the world where he can be an average twenty-two year old, not plagued by death and devastation. O’Brien exposes Crosses desires to be pure and unscathed in his hopes that Martha is a virgin. Cross wishes to be untouched by war, destruction, bombs, fear, and the devastation of war, just like Martha. O’Brien illustrates how overcome with emotion Cross is as he daydreams about her â€Å"dense, crushing love.† In addition to love, O’Brien describes the tremendous mental burdens the men carry, but are not allowed to express. O’Brien utilizes the metapho r of weight to emphasize the burdens on the boys. The narrator speaks of everything in weight as in the â€Å"jungle boots—2.1 pounds†, â€Å"steel helmets that weighed five pounds,† and â€Å"the letters weighed ten ounces.† This technique further stresses the mental envelopment of these boys in war because they a... ...aims â€Å"there’s definitely a moral here† and continues to bring up the subject throughout the story. O’Brien highlights through Mitchell that the soldiers are only boys and far too young to be exposed to such violence. With the â€Å"dispens[ing] of love† and idealism, the reality of war settles into Cross’s mind, forever changing his view the world. In his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† Tim O’Brien demonstrates the depressing change of a soldier from imaginative boy to impersonal man, adolescent to adult, and lover to leader. The terrible burdens pile so high on the young men that â€Å"certainly they would never be at a loss for things to carry.† The harsh reality of the world tremendously affects Cross and forever changes him. Through this transition, O’Brien reveals the strict and dismal standards which culture upholds for men to be firm and unwavering.

Automobile A New Paradigm In Transportation Essay

The automobile represented a new paradigm in transportation. Moving from horses to high-speed gas powered vehicles was a big change for society. There was no precedent and little to limit what could be done with the automobile. Driving regulations for automobiles have altered over time and in the beginning of the 20th century there were few regulations because there was no precedent for motor vehicles. Drivers, excited by their shiny new thousand pound speeding block of metal, would take to the road without any thought for the damage cars could CAUSE. ALTHOUGH AUTOMOBILES WERE A LUXURY â€Å"TOY† IN THE EARLY 1900S, PLAYING AROUND WITHOUT AN understanding of the power behind the wheel was the cause of numerous accidents and fatalities as automobile popularity increased. In the 21st century today we know how dangerous cars can be. However, at the turn of the 20th century the citizens were not aware. According to the accounts of several journalists during this time the number of laws regulating the automobiles was limited, however, as the years progressed beyond 1900, automobiles were given limits and penalties for pushing those limits. Automobile accidents rose in conjunction with the expansion of new automobile recreation activities. Racing became a popular event at the turn of the 20th century however, that period of racing is not like modern times with special tracks and guardrails. 20th century racing was performed in the streets of towns and cities. Racing was unregulated and drew in as many SPECTATORS AS IT DID SPEED DEMONS BEHIND THE WHEEL. THESE RACES WERE KNOWN AS â€Å"AUTOMOBILE Scorching† and were an obvious danger to the public, leading to heavy protesting. 1 In 1900 France, many citizens pushed for regulations when civilians were being injured. In Paris, horrible THINGS LIKE â€Å"AN AUTOMOBILE DASH[ING] AT FULL SPEED INTO A WEDDING PRECESSION† WERE MAJOR. headlines. 1 Drivers were uninhibited to race through the streets, causing havoc wherever they 1 â€Å"Automobile Scorching† New York Times (1857-1922), Apr 22, 1900,http://search. proquest. com/docview/95980973? accountid=12725. †MOTOR. 1 TRAVELED. NO LAWS WERE IN PLACE TO CURB THIS BEHAVIOR. THE WRITER OF â€Å"AUTOMOBILE SCORCHING† wrote from the perspective of someone in the beginning of the automobile age and he claims to have witnessed auto scorching first hand. He mentions that the French government was beginning to regulate the auto racing and speed limits to decrease the number of street races and injuries due to them. He wrote this article to shed light on how dangerous street racing was. USING THE WORD â€Å"SCORCHING† BRINGS A NEGATIVE CONNOTATION. BY GIVING A NEGATIVE VIEW ON automobile racing, he is sending a message that actions need to be taken to limit the drivers of automobiles. Civilians in 1900 had never had access to a high-speed transportation unit that was owned and operated by the everyday person. Richard W. Kinney witnessed firsthand how dangerous the streets became following the widespread introduction of vehicles. Kinney was killed after dodging one careening car only to be hit by another. 2 There was no notion of a speed limit in America and meanwhile, the French government had taken control of the street racing in France with the output of speeding regulations. Road racers were a danger, but even the typical driver could be a hazard to the public. Think of it as learning to ride a bike: the world had just removed the training wheels and drivers were still wobbling on their wheels. Fatalities due to automobiles were climbing and the public pushed the government to respond. Not only were the pedestrians within cities affected, but the farmers in rural areas were as well. The lack of regulation outside the cities allowed motorists to the put the pedal to the metal at will. The sounds and movements of the cars frightened the horses on farms. Automobiles in 1900 GOT EXPONENTIALLY LOUDER AS THEY WENT FASTER. THE FARMERS COMPLAINED, â€Å"THE TROUBLE WAS 2 â€Å"Automobile Kills Man. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 12, 1900, http://search. proquest. com/docview/96041762? accountid=12725. 2 occasioned by men who were on the roads testing machines for speed rather than pleasure. †3 The French were ahead of the United States in regulating automobiles; they began a new paradigm. 4. The Americans however, were stuck in no paradigm of new technology beyond the car and the writers of articles in local papers noticed this all to well. Information spread quickly once people discovered the danger of automobiles. Newspapers regularly posted articles to inform society about not only the dangers of the automobiles on the streets, but also how the government was responding to the accidents. The writers all presented DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEWS, AS IS EVIDENT IN THE TWO ARTICLES â€Å"AUTOMOBILE KILLS A MAN† AND â€Å"TO REGULATE AUTOMOBILE DRIVING† BOTH WRITTEN IN THE NEW YORK TIMES WITHIN A MONTH OF EACH OTHER. The first article gives an account of a man killed after a car hit him. The writer of this article is writing from the perspective of how the public had to adapt. The days of crossing the street at will were gone. The second article gave an account of the concerns of farmers and their horses. The writer of that article wrote from the perspective of how the noise changed with the introduction of the automobile. The writer was trying to let the public know how the cars were affecting the countryside in hopes of possibly reaching out to change behavior. Both writers were pushing for the automobiles to be given restrictions. The automobile was a new technology, and the public needed help in learning how to safely use it. The car was a vehicle that involved minimal physical effort, unlike the bicycle. The car did not have to be domesticated, nor prepared like a horse with a saddle. The problem with the new technology was what Dr. Forbes Winslow keyed as â€Å"Motor Intoxication,† 5 Dr. Winslow 3 â€Å"To Regulate Automobile Driving. † New York Times (1857-1922), May 11, 1900, http://search. proquest. com/docview/96298677? accountid=12725. 4 â€Å"Automobile Scorching† New York Times (1857-1922), Apr 22, 1900,http://search.proquest. com/docview/95980973? accountid=12725. †MOTOR. 5 â€Å"Motor Intoxication and Speed Madness. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jun 21,1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/motorintoxication1903. pdf. 3 STATES, â€Å"THE RACING MOTOR HAS GIVEN US A NEW DISEASE. † THE AUTOMOBILE WAS NEW AND EVERYONE wanted to feel what it was like to have a way to go faster than others do; these early automobilists craved speed. However, this euphoric feeling was also very dangerous for those AROUND THEM. DR. FORBES DID NOT WRITE THE ARTICLE â€Å"MOTOR INTOXICATION AND SPEED MADNESS† IN which the interview and views of the writer are published, however, by choosing to interview Dr. Forbes, the writer is admitting his view on the automobile. In choosing a doctor who is clearly against the effect the automobile has on society the writer must have felt similar feeling. Writing IN JUNE 1903, WHICH IS AFTER THE BILL IN â€Å"REGULATING AUTOMOBILES† IS PROPOSED, PROVES TO THE public that one regulation will not solve all the issues. He wanted the public to take responsibility instead of relying on the government to fix everything. He states that if treated life a disease then there is no cure. However, treating motor intoxication as a wive puts responsibility on the driver and presents a cure and treatment. 6 He was allowing society to look into the mirror and change their ways. As euphoric driving rose, auto accidents climbed as well. This was a short-lived phenomenon and regulation was coming. Automobilists were victims of much hostility from those who were dependent on horses. In 1902, A DRIVER WAS SHOT AT BY A FARMER BECAUSE THE AUTOMOBILIST HAD BEEN DRIVING AT â€Å"A HIGH RATE of speed† and frightened the farmers horses. 7 Such hostility was also expressed in efforts to RESTRICT AUTOMOBILE SPEED. THE INCIDENT WITH THE FARMER LED TO â€Å"MANY EFFORTS TO RESTRICT SPEED OF vehicles along city streets and suburban and country roads. 8 The speed restriction limited motorists to 8 miles per hour. Automobilists were resistant to the new laws and regulations. 6 â€Å"Motor Intoxication and Speed Madness. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jun 21,1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/motorintoxication1903. pdf. 7 â€Å"Automobile Topics of Interest. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jul 6, 1902, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/auto%20topics%20of%20interest%201902. pdf 8 â€Å"Automobile Topics of Interest. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jul 6, 1902, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/auto%20topics%20of%20interest%201902. pdf 4 Within the article, the writers mentions an important note. He brings up the notion that restricting cars to 8 miles per hour is restricting them to the walking speed of humans. He goes on to say that cyclists went, on average, 15 miles per hour. He brought up the point that the hostility is not towards drivers who are within 20 miles per hour, but those who exceeded the racing speed of 50 miles per hour. The writer of this article is an advocate for the common automobilist. He wants regulations in place, but he also wants the makers of those laws to be fair, for them to consider the speeds of all vehicles on the road and the speeds of all automobilists. In 1902, there were few laws that limited the speed of automobiles. This was especially true along the country roads. The driving habits of so automobile racers to drive at 50 miles per hour or MORE DREW THE LAWMAKER’S ATTENTION TO THE NEED FOR REGULATION AND CONSEQUENCES. In 1903, the legislature of New York passed a bill that finally regulated speed limits and road conditions regarding pedestrians and horse drawn vehicles. One cause of the continuous accidents was the speed and unsafe driving habits with no consequences in the case of accidents OR DAMAGES. IN APRIL OF 1903, LAWS PASSED STATING THAT â€Å"NO MECHANICALLY PROPELLED VEHICLE SHALL PASS A PERSON DRIVING A HORSE†¦OR PASSENGERS WALKING IN A ROADWAY AT A GREATER SPEED THAN 8 miles per hour. †9 The bill passed that day by New York and many others alike started a new paradigm of control and punishment. Not only were there laws in places, but also consequences such as fines and imprisonment for breaking the laws. This bill was a direct result of the hostility towards drivers who raced through the countryside. Along with restricting the speed, the bill also stated that an automobilist was required by law to stop if a horse driver made the request. The writer of this article calls automobile drivers a class within themselves. He furthers states that 9 â€Å"Regulating Automobiles. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 25, 1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/regulating%201903. pdf 5 â€Å"if users of automobiles had, as a class, been reasonable, the law would be unreasonable. †10 The WRITER OF â€Å"AUTOMOBILE TOPICS OF INTEREST† HAD WANTED THE LAWMAKERS TO CONSIDER THE ACTS OF DRIVERS WHO WERE RESPONSIBLE. THE WRITER OF â€Å"REGULATING AUTOMOBILES† RESPONDS TO THAT. HE elaborates on the previous statements on the motorist class by stating that the law is designed based on the class that showed a lack of decency and respect for the lives of others. Law makers made this law in response to racing motorists. Due to much opposition to the eight mile per hour speed law, Senator Hill of Albany, New York, supported auto clubs such as the American Automobile Association in the introduction of his bill THAT REVISED THE PREVIOUS SPEED LAWS. HIS BILL PROMOTES A SPEED THAT HE SAYS â€Å"SHALL BE REASONABLE and proper. †11 This speed is defined as being roughly between eight and twenty miles per hour. The bill not only revised speed laws, but also regulates the speed based on location and proximity to persons or horses. The bill stated that speed must be reduced when approaching the horses, crossings and bridges, curves, and when passing animals or pedestrians. A driver was now also responsible for recognizing the signals when a horse was becoming frightened and in coming to a stop in response. Failure to respond resulted in no clearly defined penalties such as fines and minor imprisonment. 12 Senator Hill’s new bill was in response to the previous bill passed by New York in 1903. That bill received some opposition so the Senator proposed a bill that would not punish the entire class of drivers. New laws were being passed thanks to the efforts of many auto clubs like the AAA. Their support and persistence made a huge difference in the automobile industry. 10 â€Å"Regulating Automobiles. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 25, 1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/regulating%201903.pdf 11 â€Å"New Automobile Bill. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jan 19, 1904, http://search. proquest. com. prox. lib. ncsu. edu/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/96419946/35BD2AA8E1C4B5BPQ/3? accountid=12725 12 â€Å"New Automobile Bill. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jan 19, 1904, http://search. proquest. com. prox. lib. ncsu. edu/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/96419946/35BD2AA8E1C4B5BPQ/3? accountid=12725 6 In 1907, the American Automobile Association began meetings on passing a new bill in order to ban street racing. The reason for their consideration had been a recent accident involving a man named L. W. Smelzer. Smelzer died in a racing crash and the AAA decided that racing needed REGULATION AS MUCH AS CIVILIAN DRIVING. THE PRESIDENT OF THE AAA, MR. HOTCHKISS, STATED â€Å"THE fatality of last Saturday simply emphasizes the demand prevalent throughout the country for abolition of races other than on tracks especially built. †13 Automobile scorching, as street racing was called, caused numerous accidents. The accident involving Smelzer and the incidence in which an auto drove through a wedding reception and injured many people are just a few. 14 By 1907, the automobile industry had expanded and the streets were becoming busier. With all the speed regulations in tact, there was no room for racing on the public roads. The AAA, who supported the bill by Senator Hill, recognized the dangers and proposed a way to regulate racing. THE WRITER OF â€Å"MAY PREVENT ACCIDENTS† ACTED AS A SUPPORTING INFORMANT. HE KNEW THAT RACERS would resist the regulations put in place for them, but the writer also shed some light on the situation. He mentions the new speedways to be built in order to keep the public and racing community calm as they look forward to future of racing. The automobile began as a luxurious toy and grew to be a necessary means of transportation and labor. In 1900, the automobile industry had many kinks to work out. The main danger the car presented was not the infrastructure, but the lack of regulation, limits, and consequences. The automobile, like any new object that hit the markets was merely a prototype with unpredictable outcomes. From speeding to public street racing, the pedestrians of society faced numerous perils simply walking around downtown. In 1903, a bill was passed that punished the motorists by 13 â€Å"May Prevent Accidents. † Los Angeles Times (1886-1922), Oct 2, 1907, http://search. proquest. com/docview/159194894/BC8543109BBF4EB1PQ/2?accountid=12725. 14 â€Å"Automobile Scorching† New York Times (1857-1922), Apr 22, 1900,http://search. proquest. com/docview/95980973? accountid=12725. †MOTOR. 7 limiting their speed to the walking speed of a person. 15 The 1904 law, supported by auto clubs, recognized the automobile as a new paradigm and gave drivers more discretion16 The jumpstart to these bills was the continuous new articles of accidents and hostility towards the automobile. The automobile was an asset to the economy so banishing them was out of the question. 17 Instead, laws and consequences for breaking those laws were put in place. Laws for the automobile were constantly changing and improving. Automobile clubs such as the AAA, pushed for regulations to be put in place in order for driving to become safer. 18 Without the support of these auto clubs, many laws would have been undermined and tossed aside. The clubs showed the lawmakers that automobiles can be safe along side horses and pedestrians with limits and consequences for exceeded limits in place. 15 â€Å"Regulating Automobiles. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 25, 1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/regulating%201903. pdf. 16 â€Å"New Automobile Bill. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jan 19, 1904, http://search. proquest. com. prox. lib. ncsu. edu/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/96419946/35BD2AA8E1C4B5BPQ/3? accountid=12725 17 â€Å"May Exports and Imports,† Horseless Age, July 4, 1906, 6, http://books. google. com/books? id=0yofAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=horseless+age&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6tBdT4axI47rtgea9pCIDA&ved =0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=imports&f=false 18 â€Å"May Prevent Accidents. † Los Angeles Times (1886-1922), Oct 2, 1907, http://search. proquest. com/docview/159194894/BC8543109BBF4EB1PQ/2? accountid=12725.