McDonald’s global marketing strategy Essay Example

McDonald’s global marketing strategy Essay 1. Identify the cardinal elements in McDonald’s planetary selling scheme ( GMS ) . In peculiar. how does McDonald’s near the issue of standardisation? McDonald’s has become the most celebrated and successful fast-food eating houses all over the universe. The construct of fast nutrient and American-style nutrient ( Burgers. french friess ) has conquered the universe. We can speak about standardisation sing Mcdo’s scheme: the selling mix is fundamentally the same. Merchandises: Fast nutrient. American nutrient ( Burgers. french friess and sodium carbonate ) Monetary value: Cheap. Burger Index * Promotion: American manner. mass communicating. attract kids. same trade name name. colourss and logo Topographic point: Quick service. crowded country However. we can non talk about a entire standardisation since McDonalds has adapted its bill of fare. worsening its selling mix sing some facets of the local civilizations. * The enlargement and standardisation of the beefburger has led to the creative activity of a monetary value index that can be used as an economic mention between different states known as the Big Mac Index. 2. Make you believe authorities functionaries in developing states such as Russia. China. and India welcome McDonald’s? Do consumers in these states welcome McDonald’s? Why or why non? We would believe that McDonalds would hold problem to turn up in states with really distant imposts or instead loath to the American manner of life. But the trade name had a really good construct. We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s global marketing strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s global marketing strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s global marketing strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer McDonalds was besides a manner for these countries’ population to eat abundantly for little budgets. When McDonalds opens its first eating house in Russia. the company creates its ain supply concatenation. including farms. within the USSR. For political grounds. McDonald’s Canada was responsible for this gap. with small input from the U. S. McDonalds has managed to derive the trust of local governments and local population by working with agricultural manufacturers to develop local supply nutrient beginnings. Mentalities and civilizations have besides evolved a batch. since the beginning of globalisation. In Asia. immature people rapidly fall in this manner of eat. because it was much more modern. However. McDonalds didn’t deny the important food’s imposts: In 1996 when McDonald’s entered in India for the first clip. it offered a Big Mac made with lamb called the Maharaja Mac. 3. At the terminal of 2003. McDonald’s announced it was selling the Donatos Pizza unit. Then. in 2006. the Chipotle concatenation was spun off. In visible radiation of these strategic actions. buttocks McDonald’s chances for success beyond the burger-and-fries theoretical account. MacDonald’s wanted to confirm itself in its nucleus concern: Burger and french friess. So they decided to concentrate on their basic construct and to abandoned concerns they believed to be complimentary. This scheme of specialisation allows: A cost-leadership An betterment of productiveness A leader’s statue in footings of inventions An first-class market’s cognition To give clear brand’s individuality and ends better defined In making so. they wanted to restore themselves as the mention n ° 1 of Burger A ; fries’ fast-food. 4. Is it realistic to anticipate that McDonald’s – or any well-known company – can spread out globally without on occasion doing errors or bring forthing contention? Why do anti-globalization dissenters around the universe often aim McDonald’s? I think that a company can spread out globally without needfully doing large errors. But in this instance. that company should put a batch of money in marketing research upstream but besides continually to be ever cognizant of the local environment. The local every bit good as general determinations must take into history all collected informations. Here is the ground why there are sometimes errors. It is an intricate procedure. which requires clip and money. But it goes without stating. that each operation must be consistent with each marketing’s location. Sing McDonald’s. it is normal that all freshnesss proposed haven’t ever been liked because country’s nutrient. gustatory sensations and eating wonts are really variable depending on each population. McDonald’s has been really executing in happening a basic bill of fare that pleases about everyone. This is that power which has Mcdo. to standardise eating wonts. that scares anti-globalists. In fact. nutrient is frequently a beloved component to 1s who wish to continue their cultural individuality. Finally. I guess it is possible to be accepted world-wide. but it is hazardous to change the traditions of the foreign state in which the company want to set up itself. Case 2: Acer’s scheme. 1. Acer’s scheme has been described as divide and conquer. Explain. Acer. founded in 1976 by Stan Shih. is the 4th computing machine maker in the universe. The Chinese group is specialized in fabrication and commercialisation of computing machines. proctors and other computing machine peripherals. The different trade names of the group are: Acer. Packard Bell. Gateway and eMachines. Contrary to McDonalds. Acer has opted for a scheme of distinction instead than standardisation. Indeed. when Stan Shih uses the phrase divide and conquer it’s to foreground the group’s determination to continue the individuality and personality of each group’s trade name and to utilize the privileged relation that these trade names have built over the old ages with their ain clients: Packard Bell targets the general populace eMachines the big public first price Gateway marks larger companies Acer focal point on mobility to pull both consumers and the SoHo market ( Small office and Home Office ) 2. How did the global markets-local markets paradox figure into Stan Shih’s scheme for China? Stan Shih determination to concentrate on the Chinese market is rather self-contradictory sing the divide and conquer strategy : The word divide is a paradox because Acer wants to refocus on the Chinese market. so the mark will be much more homogenous. And on the other manus. conquer is non the involvement here because Chinese are already conquered. So the scheme division is rather self-contradictory every bit far as local markets are concerned. because the population is more unvarying. But this scheme is possibly really successful excessively at a local degree. 3. Can Acer go the world’s 3rd largest Personal computer company. behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard? We can so conceive of that Acer may go the world’s 3rd largest Personal computer company. Since the refocus of Acer in China. the consequences have been impressive. However. it must stand out from Lenovo. To turn its market portions. Acer must hold a more planetary position and this will do the difference. If the group wants to alter this ranking. he can non keep its scheme to the Chinese market. Acer should besides better its B to C. because it is more recognized in the universe of B to B. Acer has to be more advanced and derive the trust of diverse populations. 4. Even before the current economic crisis deepened. growing in the U. S. Personal computer market had begun to decelerate down. Despite strong competition from Dell and Hewlett-Packard. Acer’s U. S. market portion increased from 1 per centum in 2004 to 3. 3 per centum by the terminal of 2006. What are Acer’s chances for deriving farther portion in the United States? It was hard for Acer to come in in the US’ market: Dell and HP have a monopoly in the Personal computer at that place. The United States enlargement is really closely linked to the meeting with the American computing machine hardware maker Gateway. while the European move is related to the acquisition of the Packard Bell company. Acer’s purpose is to offer a broad scope of computing machines: the determination to maintain the different trade names by look intoing that they don’t overlap is an ideal combination. EMachines offers inexpensive desktop. Acer made inexpensive laptops and Gateway is located in the midrange and high terminal. This is likely what has allowed Acer to increase its market portion. and it is likely thanks to its inexpensive scope that the crisis hasn’t had any impact on its growing in the United States.

Free Essays on Discourses

Chapter I: The Various Kinds of Government, and the Ways By Which They Are Established. Machiavelli begins The Prince with a crucial distinction of political categories. There are, he writes, only two ways in which a state can be organized: as a republic, or as a monarchy. After making this distinction, Machiavelli immediately, without a pause or comment, simply drops the discussion of the â€Å"republic.† This doesn’t mean that Machiavelli doesn’t like republics republics, after all, are the subject of his other major work of political theory, The Discourses. Rather than accuse Machiavelli of anti-democratic bias, we should note that in this particular book, which meant to describe the proper conduct of a prince, any discussion of princeless republics would be entirely irrelevant. After bracketing the idea of a republic, then, Machiavelli moves on to divide the category of â€Å"monarchy† into further sub-categories. Monarchies, he writes, can be either hereditary and governed by the same family for generations, or recently founded. Again, Machiavelli follows one division with another. Leaving aside hereditary monarchies for the moment, he distinguishes two different kinds of recently founded monarchies – those which are entirely new, and those which are new annexations of territory added onto pre-existing hereditary monarchies. As we might expect, within this latter category (the annexed state), there are also two subcategories: Machiavelli points out that some annexed states were previously subject to another ruler, and some were formerly free. And finally, there is yet another kind of subcategory within annexed states: those which were conquered by a prince in war, and those which simply fall to him through luck or skill. Chapter II: Of Hereditary Monarchies This chapter begins with Machiavelli’s apology for not discussing republics in this book – in what seems to be an explicit reference to D... Free Essays on Discourses Free Essays on Discourses Chapter I: The Various Kinds of Government, and the Ways By Which They Are Established. Machiavelli begins The Prince with a crucial distinction of political categories. There are, he writes, only two ways in which a state can be organized: as a republic, or as a monarchy. After making this distinction, Machiavelli immediately, without a pause or comment, simply drops the discussion of the â€Å"republic.† This doesn’t mean that Machiavelli doesn’t like republics republics, after all, are the subject of his other major work of political theory, The Discourses. Rather than accuse Machiavelli of anti-democratic bias, we should note that in this particular book, which meant to describe the proper conduct of a prince, any discussion of princeless republics would be entirely irrelevant. After bracketing the idea of a republic, then, Machiavelli moves on to divide the category of â€Å"monarchy† into further sub-categories. Monarchies, he writes, can be either hereditary and governed by the same family for generations, or recently founded. Again, Machiavelli follows one division with another. Leaving aside hereditary monarchies for the moment, he distinguishes two different kinds of recently founded monarchies – those which are entirely new, and those which are new annexations of territory added onto pre-existing hereditary monarchies. As we might expect, within this latter category (the annexed state), there are also two subcategories: Machiavelli points out that some annexed states were previously subject to another ruler, and some were formerly free. And finally, there is yet another kind of subcategory within annexed states: those which were conquered by a prince in war, and those which simply fall to him through luck or skill. Chapter II: Of Hereditary Monarchies This chapter begins with Machiavelli’s apology for not discussing republics in this book – in what seems to be an explicit reference to D...

The Madoff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Madoff - Essay Example the Madoff In some cases the companies around the world, collaborate and act in regards to each other so as to form a collusive or cartel kind of a behaviour and activity. This creates the scenario where the companies purposely cheat the common people or players in the market in regards to their money or other basic rights. In this case, the focus is on the securities fraud created by Bernard Madoff. Discussing about the origin of the fraud, it needs to be stated that the securities firm was started by Bernard Madoff in the year 1960 under the name of Bernard L Madoff Investment Securities LLC. The company was based in New York and was under the sole ownership of Bernard Madoff. Bernard Madoff also headed an investment advisory business which focused on taking billions of dollars from multiple wealthy individuals, institutional investors and middle class people. The middle class people were made to invest through feeder funds which belonged to that of Tremont Capital Management and Fairfield Gr eenwich Advisors. The performance record of Madoff was pretty impressive as well. Over a long period of around 15 years, he incurred a loss of around 13 months only. To keep a growth record which is clear of any suspicions from the investors, the owner of the investing firm Bernard Madoff kept showing annual gains of around 10 percent on an annual basis. It is important to note that under the facade of sterling performance of the companies owned by Madoff, the greatest Ponzi scheme that might have existed in the financial sector of the world till date was pulled off. The reality behind the sterling performance of the companies owned by Madoff is that a Ponzi scheme was being executed where Madoff focused on using the money provided by new investors to repay the obligations of the previous ones. All the highly profitable facts, figures and reports that were displayed by the companies held by Madoff were completely fake in nature. Reports from various reliable sources highlight that on the December of 2008, Bernard Madoff had a meeting with his sons, where he disclosed that the entire business is complete fake and the fact that he owes around 7 billion USD to multiple clients. In that meeting he also wanted to distribute the Christmas bonus of the employees earlier than usual. After the meeting, the Madoff Juniors consulted with their individual and private attorney who placed the call to officials of the federal government on the evening of December 10. On 11 December, 2008 Bernard Madoff was finally arrested for the execution of a 65 billion USD Ponzi scheme. As of March 2009, Bernard Madoff was pleaded guilty in connection to around 11 acts of felony, which included the fraud of securities. After the weeks, following the arrest of Madoff, investors who lost out on large sums of money filed a number of class action lawsuits under the Southern District of New York (Benson, 3). 2. Explanation of the Madoff Fraud While explaining the Madoff Fraud for this particular assignment, it needs to be stated the entire explanation can be done in regards to the five tragic truisms that are very essential to be discussed and properly related in the assignment. First Tragic Truism The first tragic truism belongs to the category of people. The truism that has been discussed here states that a majority of

Writing about poetry and song lyrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing about poetry and song lyrics - Essay Example who holds a special place among this group, and his work is marked by three main emotions- â€Å"politics, nature and love.†(Natasa Bakic Miric) He has often been called the most lyrical of English poets, and his work is marked by the reformist zeal which had encircled the globe, all of which fired his visionary and idealist leanings. In his works can be seen the natural movement from an idealism which creates the feeling of love for humanity, a belief in beauty and the consequent freedom of humanity. The lyrical quality of the poem can be attributed to its arrangement which consists of 105 lines, arranged in 21 stanzas of five lines each. The first four lines are set in trochaic tri-meter while the fifth is in iambic hexameter. All the stanzas have the rhyme scheme ABABB. This poem came about, in the words of his wife Mary Shelley, when they â€Å"heard the caroling of the skylark, which inspired one of his most beautiful poems" (Shelley The Pursuit - Page 599) To the poet, the skylark is a metaphor for the ability to transcend the worldliness which surrounds us, and live with the idealism which all human beings dream of. In the opening of the poem, Shelly addresses the skylark as a â€Å"Blithe spirit† instead of referring to it as a bird because the sweet strains of its singing seems to come from the Heavens. Shelly proves his point through the following phrase -"profuse strains of unpremeditated art." (Stanza 1- line 4) The poet compares the flight of the bird stating that it looked â€Å"like a cloud of fire† (Stanza 2 – line 3) as it soared higher and higher into the blue sky comparing its flight to something that is so joyful that even though it cannot be seen from afar, yet we are able to hear its â€Å"shrill delight.’ (Stanza 4 – line 5) Shelly is one poet who is capable of creating vivid pictures in the minds eye of his audiences inducing a sense of oneness to the bird. He goes on to explain the bird’s descent from the clouds comparing it to

Overview of Hyperlipidemia

Overview of Hyperlipidemia Introduction Hyperlipidemia, involves higher lipids or lipoproteins in blood,is one of the most observed conditions related to cardiovascular system (Hassan, 2013). This small paper focuses on outlining the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms and organs involved in the Hyperlipidemia. Further, this paper also proposes diagnosis and alternative treatment protocols and their success rate for Hyperlipidemia. The pathophysiology of the Hyperlipidemia The pathophysiology of the Hyperlipidemia can be classified into primary hyperlipidemia and secondary hyperlipidemia. Whilst genetic factors cause the primary hyperlipidemia, the metabolic disorders cause the secondary hyperlipidemia. The secondary hyperlipidemia can be caused due to diabetes mellitus, high usage of drugs such as beta blockers and estrogens, renal failure, high alcohol consumption etc. (Brown, 2003). Genetic hyperlipidemia can be categorized into disorders such as familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypertriglyceridemia, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia etc. The familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder caused due to high-levels of low-density lipoprotein in blood (Stang Story, 2005). On the other hand, familial hypertriglyceridemia is a highly dominant condition caused due to excess production of vey low-density lipoprotein. Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia is a condition characterized by increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein. Finally, familial combined hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by decreased low-density lipoprotein and increased Apolipoprotein B (Brown, 2003). The signs and symptoms of Hyperlipidemia Normally, hyperlipidemia does not show any symptoms in early ears. As days pass on, the symptoms such as manifestation of high cholesterol beneath of elbows, knees and eyes can be seen (Ankur et al, 2012). One can also observe the symptoms such as whitish rings around the eye’s iris in a person suffering from hyperlipidemia. Since the elevated cholesterol blocks the blood vessels, it can lead coronary heart disease or strokes. The frequent heart strokes can also be considered as major symptoms for hyperlipidemia. The organs and/or system involved in Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemia impacts cardiovascular system and leads to cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular system, also known as circulatory system, is an organ system that facilitates blood to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients to organs and tissues of the body (Stang Story, 2005). The cardiovascular system helps in fighting the diseases and stabilizing the body temperature. The system is vulnerable to diseases when cholesterol accumulates the inflamed areas of blood vessels leading to reduced flow or blockage. Since cardiovascular blockage causes reduced blood flow, heart can be considered as most vulnerable organ to hyperlipidemia. Left untreated, hyperlipidemia can lead coronary artery disease and ultimately result to heart attack (Stang Story, 2005). The organ, artery, is involved in hyperlipidemia because, in most of the cases, cholesterol accumulates in artery that transports blood away from heart. Brain is another organ involved in hyperlipidemia. Since high cholesterol blocks the blood vessel that supplies blood to brain, the possibility of occurring ischemic strokes would be increased (Ankur et al, 2012). How Hyperlipidemia is diagnosed? Cholesterol test should be done to diagnose the lipid disorder or hyperlipidemia. The cholesterol test can be conducted with a lab diagnosis test called Lipid Panel. Patients should past for at least 12 hours before undergoing Lipid Panel test because it is important to clear the chylomicron from the blood; the clearance of chylomicron might take 10 to 12 hour. The laboratory testing is conducted to measure the total plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides within the blood (Brown, 2003). In order to measure the very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, the triglyceride should be divided by 5. In the same way, in order to calculate the low-density lipoprotein, it is important to subtract the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein from total cholesterol. For total cholesterol: If the results show that the cholesterol levels are 200 milligrams per decilitre or less, it is considered as a normal condition. The cholesterol levels that fall in between 201 and 240 milligrams per decilitre indicate borderline cholesterol. Similarly, greater than 240 milligram per decilitre indicates higher cholesterol levels. For high-density lipoprotein: If the high-density lipoprotein is 60 milligrams per decilitre, it can be considered as good cholesterol (Ankur et al, 2012). Since the higher levels of high-density lipoprotein are good to the body, it is recommended for people to maintain at least 60 milligrams per decilitre. If the high-density lipoprotein falls in between 40 milligram per decilitre and 59 milligram per decilitre, it is considered as acceptable cholesterol level. On the other hand, less than 40 milligram per decilitre increases the risk of heart disease (Ankur et al, 2012). For low-density lipoprotein: The optimal low-density lipoprotein for human body is 100 milligrams per decilitre or lesser. If the low-density lipoprotein level falls in between 100 milligram per decilitre and 129 milligram per decilitre, it is considered as near-optimal and does not cause any harm to individual. The low-density lipoprotein level is in between 130 milligram per decilitre and 159 milligram per decilitre, it is considered as a borderline high. Anything higher than 160 milligram per decilitre is considered as bad cholesterol (Hassan, 2013). Alternative treatment protocols and their success rate A wide-range of alternative treatment protocols is available to treat hyperlipidemia. A couple of them are mentioned below. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Three important approaches such as excretory function enhancement, tonic effect reinforcement and cardiovascular system improvement are used to treat hyperlipidemia. Though there is no scientific evidence of the efficacy of these approaches, they are highly successful in controlling blood lipid levels and adjusting bodily functions (Hassan, 2013). Acupuncture: Acupuncture helps in reducing the cellular accumulations of fatty materials and makes the individual less vulnerable to heart disease. By needling the acupuncture point located on the lower leg, it is possible to reduce and prevent the formation of foam cells in the body. With 80% success rate, acupuncture has become one of the best alternative treatment protocols for hyperlipidemia. Conclusion Cardiovascular system is highly vulnerable to hyperlipidemia when cholesterol accumulates the inflamed areas of blood vessels. Hyperlipidemia can be caused due to genetic disorders or metabolic disorders. Some of the major symptoms of hyperlipidemia are cholesterol accumulation beneath of elbows, knees and eyes can be seen, whitish rings around the eye’s iris and chest pain. In addition to cardiovascular system, the organs such as artery, heart and brain are also involved in hyperlipidemia. By carrying out Lipid Panel test, it is possible to check the lipid levels in blood. The alternative treatment protocols such as acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine can be used to treat hyperlipidemia. References Brown, W.V. (2003). Cholesterol absorption inhibitors: defining new options in lipid management.Clinical Cardiology, 26(6), 259–264. Hassan, B.A.R. (2013). Overview on Hyperlipidemia. Journal of Chromatography Separation Techniques, 4 (3), 113. Stang, J., Story, M. (Eds.). (2005). Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Retrieved on 9th November, 2014 from http://www.epi.umn.edu/let/pubs/img/adol_ch10.pdf> Ankur, R., Nidhi, D., Seema, R., Amarjeet, D., Ashok, K. (2012). Hyperlipidemia- A Deadly Pathological Condition. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3), 15-18.

Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay -- OBrient Things They Ca

Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried Culture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous emotions and remain firm, following expected duties. O’Brien develops this theme of the transition from youth to manhood in his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Through the protagonist Jimmy Cross, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, O’Brien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of impractical idealism and dwell instead on the cruel reality of the world. Initially, O’Brien highlights Cross’s thoughts of love and emotional feelings as he describes the experience of war. Cross constantly thinks about Martha and how much he loves her, and though he senses her uninvolvement, he remains in denial about the fact that Martha feels nothing for him. However, he grasps on to her as his only hope. She represents his connections to a normal life, the world where he can be an average twenty-two year old, not plagued by death and devastation. O’Brien exposes Crosses desires to be pure and unscathed in his hopes that Martha is a virgin. Cross wishes to be untouched by war, destruction, bombs, fear, and the devastation of war, just like Martha. O’Brien illustrates how overcome with emotion Cross is as he daydreams about her â€Å"dense, crushing love.† In addition to love, O’Brien describes the tremendous mental burdens the men carry, but are not allowed to express. O’Brien utilizes the metapho r of weight to emphasize the burdens on the boys. The narrator speaks of everything in weight as in the â€Å"jungle boots—2.1 pounds†, â€Å"steel helmets that weighed five pounds,† and â€Å"the letters weighed ten ounces.† This technique further stresses the mental envelopment of these boys in war because they a... ...aims â€Å"there’s definitely a moral here† and continues to bring up the subject throughout the story. O’Brien highlights through Mitchell that the soldiers are only boys and far too young to be exposed to such violence. With the â€Å"dispens[ing] of love† and idealism, the reality of war settles into Cross’s mind, forever changing his view the world. In his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† Tim O’Brien demonstrates the depressing change of a soldier from imaginative boy to impersonal man, adolescent to adult, and lover to leader. The terrible burdens pile so high on the young men that â€Å"certainly they would never be at a loss for things to carry.† The harsh reality of the world tremendously affects Cross and forever changes him. Through this transition, O’Brien reveals the strict and dismal standards which culture upholds for men to be firm and unwavering.

Automobile A New Paradigm In Transportation Essay

The automobile represented a new paradigm in transportation. Moving from horses to high-speed gas powered vehicles was a big change for society. There was no precedent and little to limit what could be done with the automobile. Driving regulations for automobiles have altered over time and in the beginning of the 20th century there were few regulations because there was no precedent for motor vehicles. Drivers, excited by their shiny new thousand pound speeding block of metal, would take to the road without any thought for the damage cars could CAUSE. ALTHOUGH AUTOMOBILES WERE A LUXURY â€Å"TOY† IN THE EARLY 1900S, PLAYING AROUND WITHOUT AN understanding of the power behind the wheel was the cause of numerous accidents and fatalities as automobile popularity increased. In the 21st century today we know how dangerous cars can be. However, at the turn of the 20th century the citizens were not aware. According to the accounts of several journalists during this time the number of laws regulating the automobiles was limited, however, as the years progressed beyond 1900, automobiles were given limits and penalties for pushing those limits. Automobile accidents rose in conjunction with the expansion of new automobile recreation activities. Racing became a popular event at the turn of the 20th century however, that period of racing is not like modern times with special tracks and guardrails. 20th century racing was performed in the streets of towns and cities. Racing was unregulated and drew in as many SPECTATORS AS IT DID SPEED DEMONS BEHIND THE WHEEL. THESE RACES WERE KNOWN AS â€Å"AUTOMOBILE Scorching† and were an obvious danger to the public, leading to heavy protesting. 1 In 1900 France, many citizens pushed for regulations when civilians were being injured. In Paris, horrible THINGS LIKE â€Å"AN AUTOMOBILE DASH[ING] AT FULL SPEED INTO A WEDDING PRECESSION† WERE MAJOR. headlines. 1 Drivers were uninhibited to race through the streets, causing havoc wherever they 1 â€Å"Automobile Scorching† New York Times (1857-1922), Apr 22, 1900,http://search. proquest. com/docview/95980973? accountid=12725. †MOTOR. 1 TRAVELED. NO LAWS WERE IN PLACE TO CURB THIS BEHAVIOR. THE WRITER OF â€Å"AUTOMOBILE SCORCHING† wrote from the perspective of someone in the beginning of the automobile age and he claims to have witnessed auto scorching first hand. He mentions that the French government was beginning to regulate the auto racing and speed limits to decrease the number of street races and injuries due to them. He wrote this article to shed light on how dangerous street racing was. USING THE WORD â€Å"SCORCHING† BRINGS A NEGATIVE CONNOTATION. BY GIVING A NEGATIVE VIEW ON automobile racing, he is sending a message that actions need to be taken to limit the drivers of automobiles. Civilians in 1900 had never had access to a high-speed transportation unit that was owned and operated by the everyday person. Richard W. Kinney witnessed firsthand how dangerous the streets became following the widespread introduction of vehicles. Kinney was killed after dodging one careening car only to be hit by another. 2 There was no notion of a speed limit in America and meanwhile, the French government had taken control of the street racing in France with the output of speeding regulations. Road racers were a danger, but even the typical driver could be a hazard to the public. Think of it as learning to ride a bike: the world had just removed the training wheels and drivers were still wobbling on their wheels. Fatalities due to automobiles were climbing and the public pushed the government to respond. Not only were the pedestrians within cities affected, but the farmers in rural areas were as well. The lack of regulation outside the cities allowed motorists to the put the pedal to the metal at will. The sounds and movements of the cars frightened the horses on farms. Automobiles in 1900 GOT EXPONENTIALLY LOUDER AS THEY WENT FASTER. THE FARMERS COMPLAINED, â€Å"THE TROUBLE WAS 2 â€Å"Automobile Kills Man. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 12, 1900, http://search. proquest. com/docview/96041762? accountid=12725. 2 occasioned by men who were on the roads testing machines for speed rather than pleasure. †3 The French were ahead of the United States in regulating automobiles; they began a new paradigm. 4. The Americans however, were stuck in no paradigm of new technology beyond the car and the writers of articles in local papers noticed this all to well. Information spread quickly once people discovered the danger of automobiles. Newspapers regularly posted articles to inform society about not only the dangers of the automobiles on the streets, but also how the government was responding to the accidents. The writers all presented DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEWS, AS IS EVIDENT IN THE TWO ARTICLES â€Å"AUTOMOBILE KILLS A MAN† AND â€Å"TO REGULATE AUTOMOBILE DRIVING† BOTH WRITTEN IN THE NEW YORK TIMES WITHIN A MONTH OF EACH OTHER. The first article gives an account of a man killed after a car hit him. The writer of this article is writing from the perspective of how the public had to adapt. The days of crossing the street at will were gone. The second article gave an account of the concerns of farmers and their horses. The writer of that article wrote from the perspective of how the noise changed with the introduction of the automobile. The writer was trying to let the public know how the cars were affecting the countryside in hopes of possibly reaching out to change behavior. Both writers were pushing for the automobiles to be given restrictions. The automobile was a new technology, and the public needed help in learning how to safely use it. The car was a vehicle that involved minimal physical effort, unlike the bicycle. The car did not have to be domesticated, nor prepared like a horse with a saddle. The problem with the new technology was what Dr. Forbes Winslow keyed as â€Å"Motor Intoxication,† 5 Dr. Winslow 3 â€Å"To Regulate Automobile Driving. † New York Times (1857-1922), May 11, 1900, http://search. proquest. com/docview/96298677? accountid=12725. 4 â€Å"Automobile Scorching† New York Times (1857-1922), Apr 22, 1900,http://search.proquest. com/docview/95980973? accountid=12725. †MOTOR. 5 â€Å"Motor Intoxication and Speed Madness. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jun 21,1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/motorintoxication1903. pdf. 3 STATES, â€Å"THE RACING MOTOR HAS GIVEN US A NEW DISEASE. † THE AUTOMOBILE WAS NEW AND EVERYONE wanted to feel what it was like to have a way to go faster than others do; these early automobilists craved speed. However, this euphoric feeling was also very dangerous for those AROUND THEM. DR. FORBES DID NOT WRITE THE ARTICLE â€Å"MOTOR INTOXICATION AND SPEED MADNESS† IN which the interview and views of the writer are published, however, by choosing to interview Dr. Forbes, the writer is admitting his view on the automobile. In choosing a doctor who is clearly against the effect the automobile has on society the writer must have felt similar feeling. Writing IN JUNE 1903, WHICH IS AFTER THE BILL IN â€Å"REGULATING AUTOMOBILES† IS PROPOSED, PROVES TO THE public that one regulation will not solve all the issues. He wanted the public to take responsibility instead of relying on the government to fix everything. He states that if treated life a disease then there is no cure. However, treating motor intoxication as a wive puts responsibility on the driver and presents a cure and treatment. 6 He was allowing society to look into the mirror and change their ways. As euphoric driving rose, auto accidents climbed as well. This was a short-lived phenomenon and regulation was coming. Automobilists were victims of much hostility from those who were dependent on horses. In 1902, A DRIVER WAS SHOT AT BY A FARMER BECAUSE THE AUTOMOBILIST HAD BEEN DRIVING AT â€Å"A HIGH RATE of speed† and frightened the farmers horses. 7 Such hostility was also expressed in efforts to RESTRICT AUTOMOBILE SPEED. THE INCIDENT WITH THE FARMER LED TO â€Å"MANY EFFORTS TO RESTRICT SPEED OF vehicles along city streets and suburban and country roads. 8 The speed restriction limited motorists to 8 miles per hour. Automobilists were resistant to the new laws and regulations. 6 â€Å"Motor Intoxication and Speed Madness. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jun 21,1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/motorintoxication1903. pdf. 7 â€Å"Automobile Topics of Interest. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jul 6, 1902, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/auto%20topics%20of%20interest%201902. pdf 8 â€Å"Automobile Topics of Interest. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jul 6, 1902, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/auto%20topics%20of%20interest%201902. pdf 4 Within the article, the writers mentions an important note. He brings up the notion that restricting cars to 8 miles per hour is restricting them to the walking speed of humans. He goes on to say that cyclists went, on average, 15 miles per hour. He brought up the point that the hostility is not towards drivers who are within 20 miles per hour, but those who exceeded the racing speed of 50 miles per hour. The writer of this article is an advocate for the common automobilist. He wants regulations in place, but he also wants the makers of those laws to be fair, for them to consider the speeds of all vehicles on the road and the speeds of all automobilists. In 1902, there were few laws that limited the speed of automobiles. This was especially true along the country roads. The driving habits of so automobile racers to drive at 50 miles per hour or MORE DREW THE LAWMAKER’S ATTENTION TO THE NEED FOR REGULATION AND CONSEQUENCES. In 1903, the legislature of New York passed a bill that finally regulated speed limits and road conditions regarding pedestrians and horse drawn vehicles. One cause of the continuous accidents was the speed and unsafe driving habits with no consequences in the case of accidents OR DAMAGES. IN APRIL OF 1903, LAWS PASSED STATING THAT â€Å"NO MECHANICALLY PROPELLED VEHICLE SHALL PASS A PERSON DRIVING A HORSE†¦OR PASSENGERS WALKING IN A ROADWAY AT A GREATER SPEED THAN 8 miles per hour. †9 The bill passed that day by New York and many others alike started a new paradigm of control and punishment. Not only were there laws in places, but also consequences such as fines and imprisonment for breaking the laws. This bill was a direct result of the hostility towards drivers who raced through the countryside. Along with restricting the speed, the bill also stated that an automobilist was required by law to stop if a horse driver made the request. The writer of this article calls automobile drivers a class within themselves. He furthers states that 9 â€Å"Regulating Automobiles. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 25, 1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/regulating%201903. pdf 5 â€Å"if users of automobiles had, as a class, been reasonable, the law would be unreasonable. †10 The WRITER OF â€Å"AUTOMOBILE TOPICS OF INTEREST† HAD WANTED THE LAWMAKERS TO CONSIDER THE ACTS OF DRIVERS WHO WERE RESPONSIBLE. THE WRITER OF â€Å"REGULATING AUTOMOBILES† RESPONDS TO THAT. HE elaborates on the previous statements on the motorist class by stating that the law is designed based on the class that showed a lack of decency and respect for the lives of others. Law makers made this law in response to racing motorists. Due to much opposition to the eight mile per hour speed law, Senator Hill of Albany, New York, supported auto clubs such as the American Automobile Association in the introduction of his bill THAT REVISED THE PREVIOUS SPEED LAWS. HIS BILL PROMOTES A SPEED THAT HE SAYS â€Å"SHALL BE REASONABLE and proper. †11 This speed is defined as being roughly between eight and twenty miles per hour. The bill not only revised speed laws, but also regulates the speed based on location and proximity to persons or horses. The bill stated that speed must be reduced when approaching the horses, crossings and bridges, curves, and when passing animals or pedestrians. A driver was now also responsible for recognizing the signals when a horse was becoming frightened and in coming to a stop in response. Failure to respond resulted in no clearly defined penalties such as fines and minor imprisonment. 12 Senator Hill’s new bill was in response to the previous bill passed by New York in 1903. That bill received some opposition so the Senator proposed a bill that would not punish the entire class of drivers. New laws were being passed thanks to the efforts of many auto clubs like the AAA. Their support and persistence made a huge difference in the automobile industry. 10 â€Å"Regulating Automobiles. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 25, 1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/regulating%201903.pdf 11 â€Å"New Automobile Bill. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jan 19, 1904, http://search. proquest. com. prox. lib. ncsu. edu/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/96419946/35BD2AA8E1C4B5BPQ/3? accountid=12725 12 â€Å"New Automobile Bill. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jan 19, 1904, http://search. proquest. com. prox. lib. ncsu. edu/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/96419946/35BD2AA8E1C4B5BPQ/3? accountid=12725 6 In 1907, the American Automobile Association began meetings on passing a new bill in order to ban street racing. The reason for their consideration had been a recent accident involving a man named L. W. Smelzer. Smelzer died in a racing crash and the AAA decided that racing needed REGULATION AS MUCH AS CIVILIAN DRIVING. THE PRESIDENT OF THE AAA, MR. HOTCHKISS, STATED â€Å"THE fatality of last Saturday simply emphasizes the demand prevalent throughout the country for abolition of races other than on tracks especially built. †13 Automobile scorching, as street racing was called, caused numerous accidents. The accident involving Smelzer and the incidence in which an auto drove through a wedding reception and injured many people are just a few. 14 By 1907, the automobile industry had expanded and the streets were becoming busier. With all the speed regulations in tact, there was no room for racing on the public roads. The AAA, who supported the bill by Senator Hill, recognized the dangers and proposed a way to regulate racing. THE WRITER OF â€Å"MAY PREVENT ACCIDENTS† ACTED AS A SUPPORTING INFORMANT. HE KNEW THAT RACERS would resist the regulations put in place for them, but the writer also shed some light on the situation. He mentions the new speedways to be built in order to keep the public and racing community calm as they look forward to future of racing. The automobile began as a luxurious toy and grew to be a necessary means of transportation and labor. In 1900, the automobile industry had many kinks to work out. The main danger the car presented was not the infrastructure, but the lack of regulation, limits, and consequences. The automobile, like any new object that hit the markets was merely a prototype with unpredictable outcomes. From speeding to public street racing, the pedestrians of society faced numerous perils simply walking around downtown. In 1903, a bill was passed that punished the motorists by 13 â€Å"May Prevent Accidents. † Los Angeles Times (1886-1922), Oct 2, 1907, http://search. proquest. com/docview/159194894/BC8543109BBF4EB1PQ/2?accountid=12725. 14 â€Å"Automobile Scorching† New York Times (1857-1922), Apr 22, 1900,http://search. proquest. com/docview/95980973? accountid=12725. †MOTOR. 7 limiting their speed to the walking speed of a person. 15 The 1904 law, supported by auto clubs, recognized the automobile as a new paradigm and gave drivers more discretion16 The jumpstart to these bills was the continuous new articles of accidents and hostility towards the automobile. The automobile was an asset to the economy so banishing them was out of the question. 17 Instead, laws and consequences for breaking those laws were put in place. Laws for the automobile were constantly changing and improving. Automobile clubs such as the AAA, pushed for regulations to be put in place in order for driving to become safer. 18 Without the support of these auto clubs, many laws would have been undermined and tossed aside. The clubs showed the lawmakers that automobiles can be safe along side horses and pedestrians with limits and consequences for exceeded limits in place. 15 â€Å"Regulating Automobiles. † New York Times (1857-1922), April 25, 1903, http://courses. ncsu. edu/hi341/lec/001/Auto/regulating%201903. pdf. 16 â€Å"New Automobile Bill. † New York Times (1857-1922), Jan 19, 1904, http://search. proquest. com. prox. lib. ncsu. edu/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/96419946/35BD2AA8E1C4B5BPQ/3? accountid=12725 17 â€Å"May Exports and Imports,† Horseless Age, July 4, 1906, 6, http://books. google. com/books? id=0yofAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=horseless+age&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6tBdT4axI47rtgea9pCIDA&ved =0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=imports&f=false 18 â€Å"May Prevent Accidents. † Los Angeles Times (1886-1922), Oct 2, 1907, http://search. proquest. com/docview/159194894/BC8543109BBF4EB1PQ/2? accountid=12725.